Compounds for the inhibition of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, useful as antagonists of IDO, and for the treatment of IDO-related disorders.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application62/046,242, filed on Sep. 5, 2014, and U.S. provisional application62/151,011, filed on Apr. 22, 2015. The entire contents of theaforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to indazoline compounds useful asantagonists of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The invention alsoprovides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compoundsof the present invention and methods of using said compositions in thetreatment of various disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The oxygenase indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is responsible for theextra-hepatic conversion of Trp to N-formyl-kynurenine as arate-limiting first step of Trp metabolism. N-formyl-kynurenine is aprecursor of a variety of bioactive molecules called kynurenines thathave immunomodulatory properties (Schwarcz et al., Nat Rev Neurosci.2012; 13(7):465-77).

IDO is an inducible enzyme that has a primary role in immune cellmodulation. The reduction of Trp levels and increase in the pool ofkynurenines cause inhibition of effector immune cells and promoteadaptive immune suppression through induction and maintenance ofregulatory T cells (Tregs; Munn, Front Biosci. 2012; 4:734-45).

Increased turnover of Trp to kynurenines by IDO has been observed in anumber of disorders linked to activation of the immune system, e.g.infection, malignancy, autoimmune diseases, trauma and AIDS (Johnson andMunn, Immunol Invest 2012; 41(6-7): 765-97). Additional studies in theseindications have shown that induction of IDO results in suppression ofT-cell responses and promotion of tolerance. In cancer, for example, alarge body of evidence suggests that IDO upregulation serves as amechanism in tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. IDO is expressedwidely in solid tumors (Uyttenhove et al., Nat Med. 2003; 10:1269-74)and has been observed in both primary and metastatic cancer cells. IDOis induced in tumors by proinflammatory cytokines, including type I andtype II interferons that are produced by infiltrating lymphocytes (Tnaniand Bayard, Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1451(1):59-72; Mellor and Munn,Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4(10):762-74; Munn, Front Biosci. 2012; 4:734-45)and TGF-Beta (Pallotta et al., Nat Immunol. 2011; 12(9):870-8). Certainoncogenic mutations can also lead to increased IDO expression, e.g.,loss of the tumor suppressor Binl (Muller et al, Nat Med. 2005;11(3):312-9) or activating mutations in KIT (Balachandran et al., NatMed. 2011; 17(9): 1094-1100). IDO expression has been correlated withimmune anergy in some tumors (e.g. Ino et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2008Apr. 15; 14(8):2310-7; Brandacher et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2006 Feb.15; 12(4):1144-51.), and a recent report has shown that reduction of IDOexpression in human gastrointestinal tumors goes along with an increasedinfiltration of tumors by effector T cells (Balachandran et al., NatMed. 2011; 17(9): 1094-1100).

A significant amount of preclinical data has been published that furthervalidates the role of IDO in the anti-tumor immune response. Forexample, forced IDO induction in cancer cells was shown to confer asurvival advantage (Uyttenhove et al., Nat Med. 2003; 10:1269-74). Otherin vivo studies showed that IDO inhibitors cause lymphocyte dependentreduction in tumour growth by lowering kynurenine levels (Liu et al.,Blood. 2010; 115(17):3520-30). Preclinical studies also highlighted thescope for IDO inhibitors to work synergistically in combination withagents that promote tumour antigenicity like irradiation, chemotherapyor vaccines (Koblish et al., Mol Cancer Ther. 2010; 9(2):489-98, Hou etal., Cancer Res. 2007; 67(2):792-801; Sharma et al., Blood. 2009;113(24):6102-11).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of this invention, andpharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective asantagonists of IDO. Such compounds have general formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A,Ring B, Ring C, Y, Y¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, m, n, p, and r, is asdefined and described in embodiments herein.

Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases,disorders or conditions, associated with IDO activity. Such diseases,disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description ofCompounds of the Invention

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides antagonists ofIDO. In some embodiments, such compounds include those of the formulaedescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereineach variable is as defined and described herein.

2. Compounds and Definitions

Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, andare further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and speciesdisclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall applyunless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemicalelements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of theElements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed.Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in“Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books,Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed.,Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means astraight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted orunsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or thatcontains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbonor bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that containsone or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (alsoreferred to herein as “carbocycle” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”),that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphaticcarbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groupscontain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments,aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In someembodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refersto a monocyclic C₃-C₇ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or thatcontains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic,that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.Exemplary aliphatic groups are linear or branched, substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl groups andhybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or(cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylgroup. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylgroup that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, orphosphorus (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, orphosphorus; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; asubstitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR⁺ (as inN-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

The term “unsaturated”, as used herein, means that a moiety has one ormore units of unsaturation.

As used herein, the term “bivalent C₁₋₈ (or C₁₋₆) saturated orunsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers tobivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straightor branched as defined herein.

The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylenechain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is apositive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylenegroup in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with asubstituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for asubstituted aliphatic group.

The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substitutedalkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one doublebond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with asubstituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for asubstituted aliphatic group. The term “alkynylene” refers to a bivalentalkynyl group. A substituted alkynylene chain is a group containing atleast one triple bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replacedwith a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described belowfor a substituted aliphatic group.

The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in“aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to monocyclic andbicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members,wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein eachring in the system contains three to seven ring members. The term “aryl”is used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. In certainembodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ringsystem. Exemplary aryl groups are phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyland the like, which optionally includes one or more substituents. Alsoincluded within the scope of the term “aryl”, as it is used herein, is agroup in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromaticrings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, ortetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of alarger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl”, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer togroups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms;having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, inaddition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term“heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes anyoxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basicnitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl,furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl,purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and“heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which aheteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, orheterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on theheteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl,benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl,benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl,quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. Aheteroaryl group is optionally mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl”is used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroarylgroup”, or “heteroaromatic”, any of which terms include rings that areoptionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkylgroup substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroarylportions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclicradical”, and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer toa stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclicheterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated,and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one tofour, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ringatom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substitutednitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ringhaving 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, thenitrogen is N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl),or ±NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at anyheteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any ofthe ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturatedor partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, withoutlimitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiophenylpyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, morpholinyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl,oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl,thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle”,“heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclyl ring”, “heterocyclic group”, “heterocyclicmoiety”, and “heterocyclic radical”, are used interchangeably herein,and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one ormore aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl,3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, wherethe radical or point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring. Aheterocyclyl group is optionally mono- or bicyclic. The term“heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by aheterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independentlyare optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moietythat includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partiallyunsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites ofunsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroarylmoieties, as herein defined.

As described herein, certain compounds of the invention contain“optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted”,whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or morehydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitablesubstituent. “Substituted” applies to one or more hydrogens that areeither explicit or implicit from the structure (e.g.,

refers to at least

refers to at least

Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group has asuitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, andwhen more than one position in any given structure is substituted withmore than one substituent selected from a specified group, thesubstituent is either the same or different at every position.Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferablythose that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasiblecompounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds thatare not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow fortheir production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, theirrecovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposesdisclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group are independently deuterium; halogen;—(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OR^(◯); —O(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(◯), O(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(◯);—(CH₂)₀₋₄CH(OR^(◯))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄Ph, which are optionallysubstituted with R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph which is optionallysubstituted with R^(◯); CH═CHPh, which is optionally substituted withR^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁-pyridyl which is optionally substituted withR^(◯); NO₂; —CN; N₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(◯) ₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(◯))C(O)R^(◯);—N(R^(◯))C(S)R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(◯))C(O)NR^(◯) ₂; —N(R^(◯))C(S)NR^(◯)₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄(R^(◯))C(O)OR^(◯); —N(R^(◯))N(R^(◯))C(O)R^(◯);—N(R^(◯)N(R^(◯)C(O)NR^(◯) ₂; —N(R^(◯)N(R^(◯))C(O)OR^(◯);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)R^(◯); —C(S)R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(◯);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)SR^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OSiR^(◯) ₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)R^(◯);—OC(O)(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(◯), SC(S)SR^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SC(O)R^(◯);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)NR^(◯) ₂; —C(S)NR^(◯) ₂; —C(S)SR^(◯); —SC(S)SR^(◯),—(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)NR^(◯) ₂; —C(O)N(OR^(◯))R^(◯); —C(O)C(O)R^(◯);—C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(◯); —C(NOR^(◯))R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SSR^(◯);—(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂R^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂OR^(◯); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OS(O)₂R^(◯);—S(O)₂NR^(◯) ₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)R^(◯); —N(R^(◯))S(O)₂NR^(◯) ₂;—N(R^(◯))S(O)₂R^(◯); —N(OR^(◯))R^(◯); —C(NH)NR^(◯) ₂; P(O)₂R^(◯);—P(O)R^(◯) ₂; —OP(O)R^(◯) ₂; —OP(O)(OR^(◯)) ₂; SiR^(◯) ₃; —(C₁₋₄straight or branched alkylene)O) N(R^(◯)) ₂; or —(C₁₋₄ straight orbranched)alkylene)C(O)O—N(R^(◯)) ₂, wherein each R^(◯) is optionallysubstituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, —NH(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 memberedheteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, twoindependent occurrences of R^(◯), taken together with their interveningatom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or arylmono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which is optionally substituted asdefined below.

Suitable monovalent substituents on R^(◯) (or the ring formed by takingtwo independent occurrences of R^(◯) together with their interveningatoms), are independently deuterium, halogen, —(CH₂)₀₋₂R^(),-(haloR^()), —(CH₂)₀₋₂OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂OR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂CH(OR^())₂;—O(haloR^()), —CN, —N₃, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)R^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OH,—(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SH, —(CH₂)₀₋ ₂NH₂,—(CH₂)₀₋₂NHR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂NR^() ₂, —NO₂, —SiR^() ₃, —OSiR^() ₃,—C(O)SR^(), —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^(), or—SSR^() wherein each R^() is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo”is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independentlyselected from C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-memberedsaturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitabledivalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R^(◯) include ═O and═S.

Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂,═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))₂₋₃O—, or—S(C(R*₂))₂₋₃S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selectedfrom hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which is substituted as defined below, oran unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or arylring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound tovicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” groupinclude: —O(CR*₂)₂₋₃O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* isselected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which is optionally substitutedas defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen,—R^(), -(haloR^()), —OH, —OR^(), —O(haloR^()), —CN, —C(O)OH,—C(O)OR^(), —NH₂, —NHR^(), —NR^() ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^() isunsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with oneor more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionallysubstituted” group include —R^(†), —NR^(†) ₂, —C(O)R^(†), —C(O)OR^(†),—C(O)C(O)R^(†), —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(†), —S(O)₂R^(†), —S(O)₂NR^(†) ₂,—C(S)NR^(†) ₂, —C(NH)NR^(†) ₂, or —N(R^(†))S(O)₂R^(†); wherein eachR^(†) is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which is optionallysubstituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences ofR^(†), taken together with their intervening atom(s) form anunsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or arylmono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^(†) are independentlyhalogen, —R^(), -(haloR^()), —OH, —OR^(), —O(haloR^()), —CN,—C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(), —NH₂, —NHR^(), —NR^() ₂, or —NO₂, wherein eachR^() is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted onlywith one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

In certain embodiments, the terms “optionally substituted”, “optionallysubstituted alkyl,” “optionally substituted “optionally substitutedalkenyl,” “optionally substituted alkynyl”, “optionally substitutedcarbocyclic,” “optionally substituted aryl”, “optionally substitutedheteroaryl,” “optionally substituted heterocyclic,” and any otheroptionally substituted group as used herein, refer to groups that aresubstituted or unsubstituted by independent replacement of one, two, orthree or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with typical substituentsincluding, but not limited to:

—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, deuterium,

—OH, protected hydroxy, alkoxy, oxo, thiooxo,

—NO₂, —CN, CF₃, N₃,

—NH₂, protected amino, —NH alkyl, —NH alkenyl, —NH alkynyl, —NHcycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH-heterocyclic,-dialkylamino,-diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino,

—O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O-cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl,—O-heterocyclic,

—C(O)-alkyl, —C(O)-alkenyl, —C(O)-alkynyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,—C(O)-aryl, —C(O)— heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocyclyl,

—CONH₂, —CONH-alkyl, —CONH-alkenyl, —CONH-alkynyl, —CONH-carbocyclyl,—CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocyclyl,

—OCO₂-alkyl, —OCO₂-alkenyl, —OCO₂-alkynyl, —OCO₂-carbocyclyl,—OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-heterocyclyl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH-alkyl,—OCONH-alkenyl, —OCONH-alkynyl, —OCONH-carbocyclyl, —OCONH-aryl,—OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH-heterocyclyl, —NHC(O)-alkyl, —NHC(O)-alkenyl,—NHC(O)-alkynyl, —NHC(O)-carbocyclyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl,—NHC(O)-heterocyclyl, —NHCO₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂-alkenyl, —NHCO₂-alkynyl,—NHCO₂-carbocyclyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-heterocyclyl,—NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(O)NH-alkyl, —NHC(O)NH-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH-alkenyl,—NHC(O)NH-carbocyclyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl,—NHC(O)NH-heterocyclyl, NHC(S)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH-alkyl, —NHC(S)NH-alkenyl,—NHC(S)NH-alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH-carbocyclyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl,—NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH-heterocyclyl, —NHC(NH)NH₂,—NHC(NH)NH-alkyl, —NHC(NH)NH-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)NH-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)NH—carbocyclyl, —NHC(NH)NH-aryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl,—NHC(NH)NH-heterocyclyl, —NHC(NH)-alkyl, —NHC(NH)-alkenyl,—NHC(NH)-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)-carbocyclyl, —NHC(NH)-aryl,—NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)-heterocyclyl,

—C(NH)NH-alkyl, —C(NH)NH-alkenyl, —C(NH)NH-alkynyl,—C(NH)NH-carbocyclyl, —C(NH)NH-aryl, —C(NH)NH-heteroaryl,—C(NH)NH-heterocyclyl,

—S(O)-alkyl, —S(O)-alkenyl, —S(O)-alkynyl, —S(O)-carbocyclyl,—S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocyclyl —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH-alkyl,—SO₂NH-alkenyl, —SO₂NH-alkynyl, —SO₂NH-carbocyclyl, —SO₂NH-aryl,—SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-heterocyclyl,

—NHSO₂-alkyl, —NHSO₂-alkenyl,—NHSO₂-alkynyl, —NHSO₂-carbocyclyl,—NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂-heterocyclyl,

—CH₂NH₂, —CH₂SO₂CH₃,

-mono-, di-, or tri-alkyl silyl,

-alkyl, -alkenyl, -alkynyl, -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl,-heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, -cycloalkyl, -carbocyclic,-heterocyclic, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, -methoxymethoxy,-methoxyethoxy, —SH, —S-alkyl, —S-alkenyl, —S-alkynyl, —S-carbocyclyl,—S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocyclyl, or methylthiomethyl.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers tothose salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animalswithout undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, andare commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge etal., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J.Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein byreference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of thisinvention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organicacids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acidaddition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acidssuch as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuricacid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid,oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid ormalonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ionexchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate,alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate,borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate,propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate,p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkalineearth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali oralkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium,magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable saltsinclude, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, andamine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide,carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and arylsulfonate.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, tautomers, andgeometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, theR and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bondisomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, singlestereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, andgeometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds arewithin the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, alltautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scopeof the invention.

Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein arealso meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of oneor more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having thepresent structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium ortritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbonare within the scope of this invention. In some embodiments, the groupcomprises one or more deuterium atoms.

There is furthermore intended that a compound of the formula I includesisotope-labeled forms thereof. An isotope-labeled form of a compound ofthe formula I is identical to this compound apart from the fact that oneor more atoms of the compound have been replaced by an atom or atomshaving an atomic mass or mass number which differs from the atomic massor mass number of the atom which usually occurs naturally. Examples ofisotopes which are readily commercially available and which can beincorporated into a compound of the formula I by well-known methodsinclude isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,fluorine and chlorine, for example ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P,³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F and ³⁶Cl, respectively. A compound of the formula I, aprodrug, thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either whichcontains one or more of the above-mentioned isotopes and/or otherisotopes of other atoms is intended to be part of the present invention.An isotope-labeled compound of the formula I can be used in a number ofbeneficial ways. For example, an isotope-labeled compound of the formulaI into which, for example, a radioisotope, such as ³H or ¹⁴C, has beenincorporated, is suitable for medicament and/or substrate tissuedistribution assays. These radioisotopes, i.e. tritium (³H) andcarbon-14 (¹⁴C), are particularly preferred owing to simple preparationand excellent detectability. Incorporation of heavier isotopes, forexample deuterium (²H), into a compound of the formula I has therapeuticadvantages owing to the higher metabolic stability of thisisotope-labeled compound. Higher metabolic stability translates directlyinto an increased in vivo half-life or lower dosages, which under mostcircumstances would represent a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. An isotope-labeled compound of the formula I can usually beprepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the synthesisschemes and the related description, in the example part and in thepreparation part in the present text, replacing a non-isotope-labeledreactant by a readily available isotope-labeled reactant. Compounds ofthe invention may be substituted by ¹⁸F, for use as PET imaging agents.

Deuterium (²H) can also be incorporated into a compound of the formula Ifor the purpose in order to manipulate the oxidative metabolism of thecompound by way of the primary kinetic isotope effect. The primarykinetic isotope effect is a change of the rate for a chemical reactionthat results from exchange of isotopic nuclei, which in turn is causedby the change in ground state energies necessary for covalent bondformation after this isotopic exchange. Exchange of a heavier isotopeusually results in a lowering of the ground state energy for a chemicalbond and thus causes a reduction in the rate in rate-limiting bondbreakage. If the bond breakage occurs in or in the vicinity of asaddle-point region along the coordinate of a multi-product reaction,the product distribution ratios can be altered substantially. Forexplanation: if deuterium is bonded to a carbon atom at anon-exchangeable position, rate differences of k_(M)/k_(D)=2-7 aretypical. If this rate difference is successfully applied to a compoundof the formula I that is susceptible to oxidation, the profile of thiscompound in vivo can be drastically modified and result in improvedpharmacokinetic properties.

When discovering and developing therapeutic agents, the person skilledin the art is able to optimize pharmacokinetic parameters whileretaining desirable in vitro properties. It is reasonable to assume thatmany compounds with poor pharmacokinetic profiles are susceptible tooxidative metabolism. In vitro liver microsomal assays currentlyavailable provide valuable information on the course of oxidativemetabolism of this type, which in turn permits the rational design ofdeuterated compounds of the formula I with improved stability throughresistance to such oxidative metabolism. Significant improvements in thepharmacokinetic profiles of compounds of the formula I are therebyobtained, and can be expressed quantitatively in terms of increases inthe in vivo half-life (t/2), concentration at maximum therapeutic effect(C_(max)), area under the dose response curve (AUC), and F; and in termsof reduced clearance, dose and materials costs.

The following is intended to illustrate the above: a compound of theformula I which has multiple potential sites of attack for oxidativemetabolism, for example benzylic hydrogen atoms and hydrogen atomsbonded to a nitrogen atom, is prepared as a series of analogues in whichvarious combinations of hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium atoms,so that some, most or all of these hydrogen atoms have been replaced bydeuterium atoms. Half-life determinations enable favorable and accuratedetermination of the extent of the extent to which the improvement inresistance to oxidative metabolism has improved. In this way, it isdetermined that the half-life of the parent compound can be extended byup to 100% as the result of deuterium-hydrogen exchange of this type.

Deuterium-hydrogen exchange in a compound of the formula I can also beused to achieve a favorable modification of the metabolite spectrum ofthe starting compound in order to diminish or eliminate undesired toxicmetabolites. For example, if a toxic metabolite arises through oxidativecarbon-hydrogen (C—H) bond cleavage, it can reasonably be assumed thatthe deuterated analogue will greatly diminish or eliminate production ofthe unwanted metabolite, even if the particular oxidation is not arate-determining step. Further information on the state of the art withrespect to deuterium-hydrogen exchange may be found, for example inHanzlik et al., J. Org. Chem. 55, 3992-3997, 1990, Reider et al., J.Org. Chem. 52, 3326-3334, 1987, Foster, Adv. Drug Res. 14, 1-40, 1985,Gillette et al, Biochemistry 33(10) 2927-2937, 1994, and Jarman et al.Carcinogenesis 16(4), 683-688, 1993.

As used herein, the term “modulator” is defined as a compound that bindsto and/or inhibits the target with measurable affinity. In certainembodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of lessabout 50 μM. In certain embodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/orbinding constant of less than about 5 μM. In certain embodiments, amodulator has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of between about 1 toabout 5 μM. In certain embodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/orbinding constant of less than about 1 μM. In certain embodiments, amodulator has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of between about 500 toabout 1000 nM. In certain embodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/orbinding constant of less than about 500 nM. In certain embodiments, amodulator has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of between about 100 toabout 500 nM. In certain embodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/orbinding constant of less than about 100 nM. In certain embodiments, amodulator has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of between about 10 toabout 100 nM. In certain embodiments, a modulator has an IC₅₀ and/orbinding constant of less than about 10 nM.

The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as usedherein, means a measurable change in IDO activity between a samplecomprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof,and IDO, and an equivalent sample comprising IDO, in the absence of saidcompound, or composition thereof.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this inventionare only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. Theterm “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds which possessstability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains theintegrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be usefulfor the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylacticadministration to a subject).

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of avariable herein includes definitions of that variable as any singlegroup or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodimentfor a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodimentor in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

3. Description of Exemplary Compounds

According to one aspect, the present invention provides a compound offormula I,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Y is CR or N;-   Y¹ is C, CR, or N; wherein one of Y or Y¹ is N;-   R^(1a) is —R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN,    —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R,    —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂;-   R^(1b) is —R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN,    —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R,    —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂; or    -   R^(1a) and R^(1b), together with the atom to which each is        attached, may form a fused or spiro ring selected from C₅₋₁₀        aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated        carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-4        heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or        sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4        heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or        sulfur; each of which is optionally substituted;-   Ring A is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially    unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having    1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or    sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4    heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;-   each R² is independently —R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,    —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂,    —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂;-   Ring B is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially    unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having    1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from X¹, X², or X³, selected    from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic    heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from    X¹, X², or X³, each of which is selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or    sulfur;-   each R³ is independently —R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,    —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂,    —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂;-   Ring C is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially    unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having    1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from Z, Z¹, Z², Z³, or Z⁴,    selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered    monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently    selected from Z, Z¹, Z², Z³, or Z⁴, each of which is selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;-   each R is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8    membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7    membered heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently    selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered    monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently    selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of which is    optionally substituted; or-   two R groups on the same atom are taken together with the atom to    which they are attached to form a C₃₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered    saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered    heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl    ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,    oxygen, or sulfur; each of which is optionally substituted;-   m is 1 or 2;-   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;-   p is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and-   r is 0 or 1;    wherein when Ring A is non-fluoro substituted cyclohexyl, Ring B is    benzo, and Ring C is

and R^(1a) is H, then R^(1b) cannot be OH.

In certain embodiments, Y is CR. In certain embodiments, Y is CH. Incertain embodiments, Y is N.

In certain embodiments, Y¹ is CR. In certain embodiments, Y¹ is CH. Incertain embodiments, Y¹ is C. In certain embodiments, Y¹ is N.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is —R.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is —H.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,—OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R,—NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,—OR, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is halogen, —OR, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1a) is

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is —R.

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is —H.

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,—OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R,—NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl,—OR, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is halogen, —OR, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, R^(1b) is

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently —R.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently —H.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently alkyl.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl,i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, straight chain or branched pentyl,or straight chain or branched hexyl.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently halogen, -haloalkyl,-hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R,—C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently halogen or —OR.

In certain embodiments, each R² is independently —F or —OH.

In certain embodiments, two R² groups are R, and each R on the same atomare taken together with the atom to which they are attached to form aC₃₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturatedcarbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of which is optionallysubstituted. In certain embodiments, the ring is cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, the ringis cyclopropyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring A is C₅₋₁₀ aryl. In certain embodiments,Ring A is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclicring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is a 3-7 membered heterocylic ringhaving 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulphur. In certain embodiments, Ring A is a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur.

In certain embodiments, Ring A is phenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,[3.3.0]bicyclooctanyl, [4.3.0]bicyclononanyl, [4.4.0]bicyclodecanyl,[2.2.2]bicyclooctanyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl,carbazolyl, NH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolenyl,isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl; -1,2,5oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole,pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl,thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, or xanthenyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring A is C₅₋₁₀ aryl. In certain embodiments,Ring A is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclicring.

In certain embodiments, Ring A is phenyl, piperidinyl, cycloheptyl,cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobuty, or cyclopropyl. In certainembodiments, Ring A is phenyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyran, orcyclohexyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring A is

In certain embodiments, Ring A is

In certain embodiments, Ring B is C₅₋₁₀ aryl. In certain embodiments,Ring B is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclicring. In certain embodiments, Ring B is a 3-7 membered heterocylic ringhaving 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulphur. In certain embodiments, Ring B is a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur.

In certain embodiments, Ring B is phenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,[3.3.0]bicyclooctanyl, [4.3.0]bicyclononanyl, [4.4.0]bicyclodecanyl,[2.2.2]bicyclooctanyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl,carbazolyl, NH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolenyl,isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl; -1,2,5oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole,pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl,thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, or xanthenyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring B is

In certain embodiments, Ring B is phenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclohexyl,cyclopentyl, cyclobuty, cyclopropyl, cyclohexadiene, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring B is

In certain embodiments, Ring C is C₅₋₁₀ aryl. In certain embodiments,Ring C is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclicring. In certain embodiments, Ring C is a 3-7 membered heterocylic ringhaving 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulphur. In certain embodiments, Ring C is a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur.

In certain embodiments, Ring C is phenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,[3.3.0]bicyclooctanyl, [4.3.0]bicyclononanyl, [4.4.0]bicyclodecanyl,[2.2.2]bicyclooctanyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl,carbazolyl, NH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolenyl,isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl; -1,2,5oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl,oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole,pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl,thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl,triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl,1,3,4-triazolyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, or xanthenyl.

In certain embodiments, Ring C is

In certain embodiments, Ring C is phenyl, imidazole, pyrrole, pyridine,pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, dihydropyridine, dihydropyrimidine,dihydropyrazine, or dihydropyridazine.

In certain embodiments, Ring C is

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula II,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A,X¹, X², X³, Z, R, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, m, n, and p, is as definedabove and described in embodiments, classes and subclasses above andherein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A,Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴, R, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, m, n, and p, is as definedabove and described in embodiments, classes and subclasses above andherein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A,Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴, R, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, m, n, and p, is as definedabove and described in embodiments, classes and subclasses above andherein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of anyof the formulae presented below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of Ring A, X¹, X², X³, Z, Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴, R,R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, m, n, and p, is as defined above and describedin embodiments, classes and subclasses above and herein, singly or incombination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R², R³,n, and p, is as defined above and described in embodiments, classes andsubclasses above and herein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R² and R³is as defined above and described in embodiments, classes and subclassesabove and herein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the compounds embodied by the invention includethe racemate of *. In certain embodiments, the compounds embodied by theinvention include the (R) enantiomer of *. In certain embodiments, thecompounds embodied by the invention include the (S) enantiomer of *. Incertain embodiments, each enantiomer is over 50% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 75% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 90% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 50% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 95% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 97% enantiopure. In certainembodiments, each enantiomer is over 99% enantiopure.

In certain embodiments, when two stereocenters in a compound exist, theinvention includes each diastereomer, and each enantiomer of eachdisatereomer (e.g., (R)(R), (R)(S), (S)(R), and (S)(S)).

In certain embodiments, when three stereocenters in a compound exist,the invention includes each diastereomer, and each enantiomer of eachdisatereomer (e.g., (R)(R)(R), (R)(S)(R), (R)(R)(S), (S)(R)(R),(S)(R)(S), (R)(S)(S), (S)(S)(R), and (S)(S)(S)).

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a compound of any of theformulae presented herein, wherein each of Ring A, Ring B, Ring C, Y,Y¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, X¹, X², X³, Z, Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴, R, m, n, andp, is as defined above and described in embodiments, classes andsubclasses above and herein, singly or in combination.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a compound selected fromTable 1:

TABLE 1

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

6c

6d

7a

7b

8a

8b

9a

9b

10a

10b

11a

11b

12a

12b

13a

13b

14a

14b

15a

15b

16a

16b

17

18a

18b

19a

19b

20a

20b

21a

21b

21c

21d

22a

22b

22c

22d

23a

23b

24a

24b

24c

24d

25a

25b

25c

25d

26a

26b

27a

27b

28a

28b

28c

28d

29a

29b

29c

29d

30a

30b

31a

31b

32b

32c

33a

33b

34a

34b

35a

35b

35c

35d

36a

36b

37a

37b

38a

38b

38c

38d

39a

39b

40a

40b

41a

41b

42a

42b

43a

43b

44a

44b

45a

45b

46

47

48a

48b

49

50

51

52a

52b

52c

53a

53b

53c

54a

54b

55a

55b

55c

55d

56a

56b

56c

57a

57b

57c

58a

58b

58c

58d

59a

59b

59c

59d

60a

60b

60c

60d

61a

61b

61c

61d

62a

62b

62c

62d

63a

63b

63c

63d

64

65

66a

66b

67a

67b

67c

67d

68a

68b

68c

69a

69b

69c

69d

70a

70b

71a

71b

71c

71d

72a

72b

73a

73b

73c

73d

74a

74b

75a

75b

76a

76b

77a

77b

77c

77d

78a

78b

79a

79b

79c

79d

80a

80b

81a

81b

81c

81d

82a

82b

83a

83b

83c

83d

84a

84b

84c

84d

85a

85b

86a

86b

87a

87b

87c

87d

88a

88b

88c

88d

89a

89b

90a

90b

91a

91b

92a

92b

92c

92d

93a

93b

94a

94b

95a

95b

96a

96b

97a

97b

97c

97d

98a

98b

99a

99b

99c

99d

100a

100b

101a

101b

101c

101d

102a

102b

103a

103b

104a

104b

105a

105b

105c

106a

106b

107a

107b

108a

108b

109a

109b

109c

110a

110b

111a

111b

112a

112b

112c

112d

113a

113b

113c

113d

114a

114b

114c

114d

115a

115b

115c

115d

116a

116b

116c

116d

117a

117b

117c

117d

118a

118b

118c

119a

119b

119c

119d

120a

120b

120c

120d

121a

121b

121c

121d

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selectedfrom those depicted above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

Various structural depictions may show a heteroatom without an attachedgroup, radical, charge, or counterion. Those of ordinary skill in theart are aware that such depictions are meant to indicate that theheteroatom is attached to hydrogen (e.g.,

is understood to be

In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention were synthesizedin accordance with Schemes below. More specific examples of compoundsmade utilizing the Schemes are provided in the Examples below.

4. Uses, Formulation and Administration Pharmaceutically AcceptableCompositions

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a compositioncomprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptablederivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant,or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions of this invention issuch that is effective to measurably modulate IDO in a biological sampleor in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound incompositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurablymodulate IDO in a biological sample or in a patient. In certainembodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated foradministration to a patient in need of such composition.

The term “patient” or “subject”, as used herein, means an animal,preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle”refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does notdestroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it isformulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehiclesthat are used in the compositions of this invention include, but are notlimited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serumproteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such asphosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceridemixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts orelectrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate,potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidalsilica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-basedsubstances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers,polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt,ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of thisinvention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable ofproviding, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this inventionor an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.

Compositions of the present invention are administered orally,parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally,buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral”as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal,intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusiontechniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally,intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of thecompositions of this invention include aqueous or oleaginous suspension.These suspensions are formulated according to techniques known in theart using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.The sterile injectable preparation is also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that are employed are water, Ringer'ssolution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile,fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspendingmedium.

For this purpose, any bland fixed oil employed includes synthetic mono-or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceridederivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are naturalpharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil,especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions orsuspensions also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant,such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that arecommonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosageforms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly usedsurfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents orbioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture ofpharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms arealso be used for the purposes of formulation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form. Exemplary oral dosageforms are capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose andcorn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are alsotypically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, usefuldiluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensionsare required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined withemulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents are optionally also added.

Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of thisinvention are administered in the form of suppositories for rectaladministration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with asuitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature butliquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum torelease the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax andpolyethylene glycols.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are alsoadministered topically, especially when the target of treatment includesareas or organs readily accessible by topical application, includingdiseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitabletopical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas ororgans.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in arectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enemaformulation. Topically-transdermal patches are also used.

For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions are formulated in a suitable ointment containing the activecomponent suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Exemplarycarriers for topical administration of compounds of this aremineral oil,liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene,polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively,provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in asuitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended ordissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitablecarriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention areoptionally administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Suchcompositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the artof pharmaceutical formulation and are prepared as solutions in saline,employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorptionpromoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or otherconventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of thisinvention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations maybe administered with or without food. In some embodiments,pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention areadministered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.

The amount of compounds of the present invention that are optionallycombined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a singledosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particularmode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should beformulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day ofthe compound can be administered to a patient receiving thesecompositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatmentregimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety offactors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, theage, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration,rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treatingphysician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Theamount of a compound of the present invention in the composition willalso depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for antagonizingIDO in a positive manner in a patient or in a biological samplecomprising the step of administering to said patient or contacting saidbiological sample with a compound according to the invention.

In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to the use ofcompounds of the invention and/or physiologically acceptable saltsthereof, for antagonizing IDO. The compounds are characterized by such ahigh affinity to IDO, which ensures a reliable binding and preferablyantagonization of IDO. In certain embodiments, the substances aremono-specific in order to guarantee an exclusive and directedrecognition with the single IDO target. In the context of the presentinvention, the term “recognition”—without being limited thereto—relatesto any type of interaction between the specific compounds and thetarget, particularly covalent or non-covalent binding or association,such as a covalent bond, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, van derWaals forces, ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, ligand-receptor interactions,and the like. Such association may also encompass the presence of othermolecules such as peptides, proteins or nucleotide sequences. Thepresent receptor/ligand-interaction is characterized by high affinity,high selectivity and minimal or even lacking cross-reactivity to othertarget molecules to exclude unhealthy and harmful impacts to the treatedsubject.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a method forantagonizing IDO with at least one compound of formula (I) according tothe invention and/or physiologically acceptable salts thereof, underconditions such that said IDO receptor is antagonized. In certainembodiments, the system is a cellular system. In other embodiments, thesystem is an in-vitro translation which is based on the proteinsynthesis without living cells. The cellular system is defined to be anysubject provided that the subject comprises cells. Hence, the cellularsystem can be selected from the group of single cells, cell cultures,tissues, organs and animals. In certain embodiments, the method forantagonizing IDO is performed in-vitro. The prior teaching of thepresent specification concerning the compounds of formula (I), includingany embodiments thereof, is valid and applicable without restrictions tothe compounds according to formula (I) and their salts when used in themethod for antagonizing IDO. The prior teaching of the presentspecification concerning the compounds of formula (I), including anyembodiments thereof, is valid and applicable without restrictions to thecompounds according to formula (I) and their salts when used in themethod for antagonizing IDO.

In certain embodiments, the compounds according to the invention exhibitan advantageous biological activity, which is easily demonstrated incell culture-based assays, for example assays as described herein or inprior art (cf. e.g. WO 2002/09706, which is incorporated herein byreference). In such assays, the compounds according to the inventionpreferably exhibit and cause an agonistic effect.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for preventing,treating or ameliorating in a subject a disease, disorder, or conditionthat is causally related to the aberrant activity of IDO receptor, whichcomprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of any formulae herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorderis an autoimmune, inflammatory or cardiovascular disease or disorder.

One aspect of this invention provides compounds or compositions that areinhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, and thus are useful for treating or lesseningthe severity of a disease, condition, or disorder in a patient, whereinIDO is implicated in the disease, condition, or disorder. The terms,“disease”, “disorder”, and “condition” may be used interchangeably hereto refer to an IDO mediated medical or pathological condition. The term“IDO mediated condition”, as used herein, means any disease state orother deleterious condition in which IDO is known to play a role. Theterm “IDO mediated condition” or “disease” also means those diseases orconditions that are alleviated by treatment with an IDO inhibitor. Suchconditions include cancer and sepsis. As used herein, the terms“subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably. The terms “subject”and “patient” refer to an animal, and more specifically a human. In oneembodiment, the subject is a non-human animal such as a rat or dog. In apreferred embodiment, the subject is a human.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating orlessening the severity of a disease, condition, or disorder where IDO isimplicated in the disease state. In another aspect, the presentinvention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of anIDO mediated disease, condition, or disorder where inhibition ofenzymatic activity is implicated in the treatment of the disease. Inanother aspect, this invention provides a method for treating orlessening the severity of a disease, condition, or disorder withcompounds that inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to IDO. Anotheraspect provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of anIDO mediated disease, condition, or disorder by inhibiting enzymaticactivity of IDO with an IDO inhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method forinhibiting IDO activity in a patient comprising administering to thepatient a compound or composition of the present invention. In anotherembodiment, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting IDOactivity in a biological sample comprising administering a compound orcomposition of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the method is used to treat or prevent acondition selected from a proliferative or hyperproliferative disease,e.g., cancer. In another embodiment, the method is used to treat orprevent sepsis.

In certain embodiments the invention provides a method of treating,preventing, or lessening the severity of a disease or condition of apatient selected from cancer, proliferative disorder, viral disease,sepsis, pneumonia, bacteremia, trauma, tuberculosis, parasitic disease,neuroinflammation, schizophrenia, depression, neurodegenerative disease,and pain, by administering a compound or composition of the presentinvention.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides compounds that are usefulfor the treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions, e.g, viraldisease, pneumonia, bacteremia, trauma, tuberculosis, parasitic disease,neuroinflammation, schizophrenia, depression, neurodegenerative disease,and pain.

In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is selected fromAlzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS), Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.

In certain embodiments, the viral disease is selected from HumanImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis A-D, Human Papilloma Virus(HPV), and Herpes, including Herpes Simplex I and II, as well as theEpstein Barr Virus.

In certain embodiments, the disorder is sepsis.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides for the treatment ofdiseases, disorders, and conditions characterized by excessive orabnormal cell proliferation. Such diseases include a proliferative orhyperproliferative disease. Examples of proliferative andhyperproliferative diseases include cancer and myeloproliferativedisorders.

In certain embodiments, the term “cancer” includes, but is not limitedto the following cancers. Oral: head and neck, including buccal cavity,lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx; Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma,fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma,fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: Non-small cell lung carcinomaincluding adenocarcinoma (acinar, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma[nonmucinous, mucinous, mixed], papillary, solid adenocarcionoma, clearcell, mucinous [colloid]adenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma,signet ring, well-differentiated fetal), bronchioalveolar, squamous cellcarcinoma (basaloid, clear cell, papillary, small cell), large cell(undifferentiated) carcinoma (giant cell, basaloid, clear cell, largecell [with rhabdoid phenotype], large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma[LCNEC], combined LCNEC); small cell lung cancer including small cell(oat cell) carcinoma, combined small cell; adenoid cystic carcinoma;hamartoma; lymphoma; neuroendocrine/carcinoid; sarcoma.Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, larynx,adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma,leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma,glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel or smallintestines (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi'ssarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), largebowel or large intestines (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villousadenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma), colon, colon-rectum, colorectal; rectum,Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor[nephroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamouscell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate(adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonalcarcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cellcarcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver:hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma,angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma, biliary passages;Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibroushistiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma(reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumorchordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benignchondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma andgiant cell tumors; Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma,granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma,meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform,oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors),spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma);Female/Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervicalcarcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma[serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassifiedcarcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors,dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma,intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma),vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma(embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma), breast;Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acutelymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferativediseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin'sdisease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]hairy cell; lymphoiddisorders; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cellcarcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, moles dysplastic nevi,lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis, Thyroid gland:papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma,undifferentiated thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, multipleendocrine neoplasia type 2A, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B,familial medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma; andAdrenal glands: neuroblastoma.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from head and neck, ovarian,melanoma cervical, endometrial, esophageal, or breast cancer.

In certain embodiments, the term “myeloproliferative disorders”,includes disorders such as polycythemia vera, thrombocythemia, myeloidmetaplasia with myelofibrosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, juvenilemyelomonocytic leukemia, systemic mast cell disease, and hematopoieticdisorders, in particular, acute-myelogenous leukemia (AML),chronic-myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute-promyelocytic leukemia (APL),and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

Combination Therapies

As used herein, the term “in combination” or “co-administration” can beused interchangeably to refer to the use of more than one therapy (e.g.,one or more therapeutic agents). The use of the term does not restrictthe order in which therapies (e.g., therapeutic agents) are administeredto a subject.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method treatment, asdescribed above, further comprising an additional step of administeringto said patient an additional therapeutic agent selected from achemotherapeutic or anti-proliferative agent, an anti-inflammatoryagent, an immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agent, a neurotrophicfactor, an agent for treating cardiovascular disease, an agent fortreating destructive bone disorders, an anti-viral agent, an agent fortreating blood disorders, or an agent for treating immunodeficiencydisorders, wherein said additional therapeutic agent is appropriate forthe disease being treated.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administeredtogether with the compound/composition of formula I as a single dosageform. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent isadministered separately from the compound/composition of formula I aspart of a multiple dosage form.

In certain embodiments, the invention is directed towards a method oftreating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administrationof a compound/composition of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, and an additional therapeutic agent. In certainembodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administered togetherwith the compound/composition of formula I as a single dosage form. Incertain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administeredseparately from the compound/composition of formula I as part of amultiple dosage form.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is ananti-cancer agent, an anti-proliferative agent, or a chemotherapeuticagent.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selectedfrom cisplatin (Platino®), carboplatin (Paraplatin®), oxaliplatin(Eloxatin®), daunomycin (Daunorubicin®, DanuoXome®, Cerubidine®),doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®), epirubicin (Ellence®), idarubicin(Idamycin®), valrubicin (Valstar®), mitoxantrone (Novantrone®),paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®) and cyclophosphamide(Cytoxan®).

In other embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selected fromanti-cancer antibody or immunoglobulin therapies or agents including,but not limited to, ipilimumab (Yervoy®), tremelimumab, antibodies oragents that target programmed death receptor 1 [PD-1] or programmeddeath ligand 1 [PD-L1], e.g., CT-011 (Curetech), BMS-936558(Bristol-Myers Squibb), BMS-936559 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), AMP-224(Amplimmune/Glaxo-Smithkline), pembrolizumab (Merck & Co.), MPDL3280A(Roche). MGA-271 (Macrogenics), dacarbazine, Lambrolizumab (MK-3475),MSB0010718C (MerckSerono), or MEDI-4736 (MedImmune).

In other embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selected froma CTLA4 agent (e.g., ipilimumab (BMS)); GITR agent (e.g., MK-4166(MSD)); vaccines (e.g., Nanovacc (MerckSerono), Stimuvax (MerckSerono),Sipuleucel-T (Dendron); or a SOC agent (e.g., radiation, docetaxel,Temozolomide (MSD), Gemcitibine, or Paclitaxel). In other embodiments,the additional therapeutic agent is an immune enhancer such as avaccine, immune-stimulating antibody, immunoglobulin, agent or adjuvantincluding, but not limited to, sipuleucel-t (Provenge®), BMS-663513(Bristol-Myers Squibb), CP-870893 (Pfizer/VLST), anti-OX40 (AgonOX), orCDX-1127 (CellDex).

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1or anti-PD-L1 agent and is administered together with thecompound/composition of formula I as a single dosage form. In certainembodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 oranti-PD-L1 agent and is administered separately from thecompound/composition of formula I as part of a multiple dosage form. Incertain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 is administered as anintravenous infusion.

In certain embodiments, more than one additional therapeutic agents areused and are administered together with the compound/composition offormula I as a single dosage form. In certain embodiments, more than oneadditional therapeutic agents are used and are administered separatelyfrom the compound/composition of formula I as part of a multiple dosageform. In certain embodiments, the more than one additional therapeuticagents are anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 agents. In certain embodiments, theanti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 agents are administered as an intravenousinfusion.

Other cancer therapies or anticancer agents that may be used incombination with the inventive agents of the present invention includesurgery, radiotherapy (e.g., gamma-radiation, neutron beam radiotherapy,electron beam radiotherapy, proton therapy, brachytherapy, low-doseradiotherapy, and systemic radioactive isotopes), immune responsemodifiers such as chemokine receptor antagonists, chemokines andcytokines (e.g., interferons, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor(TNF), and GM-CSF)), hyperthermia and cryotherapy, agents to attenuateany adverse effects (e.g. antimetics, steroids, anti-inflammatoryagents), and other approved chemotherapeutic drugs.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treatingcancer in combination with or in addition to any of the followingstandard of care (SOC) therapeutic agents: abarelix (Plenaxis Depot®);aldesleukin (Prokine®); Aldesleukin (Proleukin®); Alemtuzumabb(Campath®); alitretinoin (Panretin®); allopurinol (Zyloprim®);altretamine (Hexalen®); amifostine (Ethyol®); anastrozole (Arimidex®);arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®); asparaginase (Elspar®); azacitidine(Vidaza®); bevacuzimab (Avastin®); bexarotene capsules (Targretin®);bexarotene gel (Targretin®); bleomycin (Blenoxane®); bortezomib(Velcade®); busulfan intravenous (Busulfex®); busulfan oral (Myleran®);calusterone (Methosarb®); capecitabine (Xeloda®); carboplatin(Paraplatin®); carmustine (BCNU®, BiCNU®); carmustine (Gliadel®);carmustine with Polifeprosan 20 Implant (Gliadel Wafer®); celecoxib(Celebrex®); cetuximab (Erbitux®); chlorambucil (Leukeran®); cisplatin(Platinol®); cladribine (Leustatin®, 2-CdA®); clofarabine (Clolar®);cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®); cyclophosphamide (CytoxanInjection®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Tablet®); cytarabine(Cytosar-U®); cytarabine liposomal (DepoCyt®); dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome®);dactinomycin, actinomycin D (Cosmegen®); Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp®);daunorubicin liposomal (DanuoXome®); daunorubicin, daunomycin(Daunorubicin®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Cerubidine®); Denileukindiftitox (Ontak®); dexrazoxane (Zinecard®); docetaxel (Taxotere®);doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®);doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS Injection®); doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil®);dromostanolone propionate (Dromostanolone®); dromostanolone propionate(masterone Injection®); Elliott's B Solution (Elliott's B Solution®);epirubicin (Ellence®); Epoetin alfa (Epogen®); erlotinib (Tarceva®);estramustine (Emcyt®); etoposide phosphate (Etopophos®); etoposide,VP-16 (Vepesid®); exemestane (Aromasin®); Filgrastim (Neupogen®);floxuridine (intraarterial) (FUDR®); fludarabine (Fludara®);fluorouracil, 5-FU (Adrucil®); fulvestrant (Faslodex®); gefitinib(Iressa®); gemcitabine (Gemzar®); gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®);goserelin acetate (Zoladex Implant®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex®);histrelin acetate (Histrelin Implant®); hydroxyurea (Hydrea®);Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin®); idarubicin (Idamycin®); ifosfamide(IFEX®); imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®); interferon alfa 2a (Roferon A®);Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A®); irinotecan (Camptosar®); lenalidomide(Revlimid®); letrozole (Femara®); leucovorin (Wellcovorin®,Leucovorin®); Leuprolide Acetate (Eligard®); levamisole (Ergamisol®);lomustine, CCNU (CeeBU®); meclorethamine, nitrogen mustard (Mustargen®);megestrol acetate (Megace®); melphalan, L-PAM (Alkeran®);mercaptopurine, 6-MP (Purinethol®); mesna (Mesnex®); mesna (MesnexTabs®); methotrexate (Methotrexate®); methoxsalen (Uvadex®); mitomycin C(Mutamycin®); mitotane (Lysodren®); mitoxantrone (Novantrone®);nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin-50®); nelarabine (Arranon);Nofetumomab (Verluma®); Oprelvekin (Neumega®); oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®);paclitaxel (Paxene®); paclitaxel (Taxol®); paclitaxel protein-boundparticles (Abraxane®); palifermin (Kepivance®); pamidronate (Aredia®);pegademase (Adagen (Pegademase Bovine)®); pegaspargase (Oncaspar®);Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®); pemetrexed disodium (Alimta®); pentostatin(Nipent®); pipobroman (Vercyte®); plicamycin, mithramycin (Mithracin®);porfimer sodium (Photofrin®); procarbazine (Matulane®); quinacrine(Atabrine®); Rasburicase (Elitek®); Rituximab (Rituxan®); sargramostim(Leukine®); Sargramostim (Prokine®); sorafenib (Nexavar®); streptozocin(Zanosar®); sunitinib maleate (Sutent®); talc (Sclerosol®); tamoxifen(Nolvadex®); temozolomide (Temodar®); teniposide, VM-26 (Vumon®);testolactone (Teslac®); thioguanine, 6-TG (Thioguanine®); thiotepa(Thioplex®); topotecan (Hycamtin®); toremifene (Fareston®); Tositumomab(Bexxar®); Tositumomab/I-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®); Trastuzumab(Herceptin®); tretinoin, ATRA (Vesanoid®); Uracil Mustard (UracilMustard Capsules®); valrubicin (Valstar®); vinblastine (Velban®);vincristine (Oncovin®); vinorelbine (Navelbine®); zoledronate (Zometa)and vorinostat (Zolinza®).

For a comprehensive discussion of updated cancer therapies see,http://www.nci.nih.gov/, a list of the FDA approved oncology drugs athttp://www.fda.gov/cder/cancer/druglistframe.htm, and The Merck Manual,Seventeenth Ed. 1999, the entire contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selectedfrom an antibiotic, a vasopressor, a steroid, an inotrope, ananti-thrombotic agent, a sedative, opioids, or an anesthetic.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selectedfrom cephalosporins, macrolides, penams, beta-lactamase inhibitors,aminoglycoside antibiotics, fluoroquinolone antibiotics, glycopeptideantibiotics, penems, monobactams, carbapenmems, nitroimidazoleantibiotics, lincosamide antibiotics, vasopressors, positive inotropicagents, steroids, benzodiazepines, phenol, alpha2-adrenergic receptoragonists, GABA-A receptor modulators, anti-thrombotic agents,anesthetics, or opiods.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent isAlatrofloxacin, Amifloxacin, Balofloxacin, Besifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,Clinafloxacin, Danofloxacin, Delafloxacin, Difloxacin, Enoxacin,Enrofloxacin, Fleroxacin, Garenoxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin,Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Moxifloxacin,Nadifloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Orbifloxacin, Pazufloxacin,Pefloxacin, Prulifloxacin, Rufloxacin, Sitafloxacin, Sparfloxacin,Temafloxacin, Tosufloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin,Telavancin, Bleomycin, Ramoplanin, Decaplanin, Azanidazole,Dimetridazole, Metronidazole, Nimorazole, Ornidazole, Propenidazole,Secnidazole, Tinidazole, Linomycin, Clindamycin, Cefazolin,Cefacetril(e), Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium,Cefaloridin(e), Cefaoltin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizin(e), Cefazedon(e),Cefazaflur, Cefradin(e), Cefroxadin(e), Ceftezol(e), Cefaclor,Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil,Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cephamycin (Cefoxitin, Cefotetan,Cefmetazole), Carbacephem (Loracarbef), Cefixime, Ceftriaxome,Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren,Cafatamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole,Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene,Ceftizoxime, Oxacephem, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome,Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline fosamil, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Epicillin,Carbenicillin, e.g., Carindacillin, Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin,Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam, Sulbenicillin, Benylpenicillin,Clometocillin, Benzathine benylpenecillin, Procaine benylpenecillin,Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenecillin, Propicillin,Benzathine phenoxymthylpenecillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin,Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Aztreonam, Tigemonam,Carumonam, Nocardicin A, Biapenem, Ertapenem, Antipseudomonal,Panipenem, Penam, Clavam, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin,Erythromycin, Kitasamycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin, Troleandomycin,Ansamycin, Carbomycin, Cethromycin, Oleandomycin, Solithromycin,Spiramycin, Telithromycin, Tylosin, Amikacin, Arbekcacin, Gentamicin,Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Paromycin, Rhodostreptomycin,Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Apramycin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine,Phenylepinephrine, Dopamine, Vasopressin, Berberine, Calcium, Omecamtiv,Dobutamine, Dopexamine, Isoprenaline, Phenylepinephrine, Dogoxin,Prostaglandins, Enoximone, Milrinone, Amrinone, Theophylline, Digitalis,Glucagon, Hydrocortisone, Cortisone, Fluorocortisone, Heparin, Diazepam,Lorazepam, Midazolam, Propofol, Dexmedetomidine, Etomidate, Fentanyl,Hydromorphone, Morphine, Meperidine, Remifentanil, or Ketamine.

In other embodiments, the invention provides compounds of the inventionfor use as a pharmaceutical especially in the treatment or prevention ofthe aforementioned conditions and diseases. Also provided herein is theuse of the present compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for thetreatment or prevention of one of the aforementioned conditions anddiseases. The present invention also provides the use of a compound ofthe invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of conditions or diseasesselected from IDO receptor mediated conditions or diseases.

When used to prevent the onset of an IDO related disease/disorder, thecompounds of this invention will be administered to a patient at riskfor developing the condition, typically on the advice and under thesupervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above.Patients at risk for developing a particular condition generally includethose that have a family history of the condition, or those who havebeen identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularlysusceptible to developing the condition.

The invention further relates to combination therapies wherein acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising acompound of the invention, is administered concurrently or sequentiallyor as a combined preparation with another therapeutic agent or agents,for the treatment of one or more of the conditions listed.

The method of the invention can be performed either in-vitro or in-vivo.The susceptibility of a particular cell to treatment with the compoundsaccording to the invention can be particularly determined by in-vitrotests, whether in the course of research or clinical application.Typically, a culture of the cell is combined with a compound accordingto the invention at various concentrations for a period of time which issufficient to allow the active agents to antagonize IDO activity,usually between about one hour and one week. In-vitro treatment can becarried out using cultivated cells from a biopsy sample or cell line.

The host or subject can belong to any mammalian species, for example aprimate species, particularly humans; rodents, including mice, rats andhamsters; rabbits; horses, cows, dogs, cats, etc. Animal models are ofinterest for experimental investigations, providing a model fortreatment of human disease.

For identification of a signal transduction pathway and for detection ofinteractions between various signal transduction pathways, suitablemodels or model systems have been developed, for example cell culturemodels and models of transgenic animals. For the determination ofcertain stages in the signal transduction cascade, interacting compoundscan be utilized in order to modulate the signal. The compounds accordingto the invention can also be used as reagents for testing IDO-dependentsignal transduction pathways in animals and/or cell culture models or inthe clinical diseases mentioned in this application.

The use according to the previous paragraphs of the specification may beeither performed in-vitro or in-vivo models. The modulation can bemonitored by the techniques described in the course of the presentspecification. In certain embodiments, the in-vitro use is preferablyapplied to samples of humans suffering from IDO-related disorders.Testing of several specific compounds and/or derivatives thereof makesthe selection of that active ingredient possible that is best suited forthe treatment of the human subject. The in-vivo dose rate of the chosenderivative is advantageously pre-adjusted to the IDO susceptibilityand/or severity of disease of the respective subject with regard to thein-vitro data. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy is remarkablyenhanced. Moreover, the subsequent teaching of the present specificationconcerning the use of the compounds according to formula (I) and itsderivatives for the production of a medicament for the prophylactic ortherapeutic treatment and/or monitoring is considered as valid andapplicable without restrictions to the use of the compound for theantagonism of IDO activity if expedient.

The invention also relates to the use of compounds according to formula(I) and/or physiologically acceptable salts thereof for the prophylacticor therapeutic treatment and/or monitoring of diseases that are caused,mediated and/or propagated by IDO activity. Furthermore, the inventionrelates to the use of compounds according to formula (I) and/orphysiologically acceptable salts thereof for the production of amedicament for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment and/ormonitoring of diseases that are caused, mediated and/or propagated byIDO activity. In certain embodiments, the invention provides the use ofa compound according to formula I or physiologically acceptable saltsthereof, for the production of a medicament for the prophylactic ortherapeutic treatment of an IDO-mediated disorder.

Compounds of formula (I) and/or a physiologically acceptable saltthereof can furthermore be employed as intermediate for the preparationof further medicament active ingredients. The medicament is preferablyprepared in a non-chemical manner, e.g. by combining the activeingredient with at least one solid, fluid and/or semi-fluid carrier orexcipient, and optionally in conjunction with a single or more otheractive substances in an appropriate dosage form.

The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention can beadministered before or following an onset of disease once or severaltimes acting as therapy. The aforementioned compounds and medicalproducts of the inventive use are particularly used for the therapeutictreatment. A therapeutically relevant effect relieves to some extent oneor more symptoms of a disorder, or returns to normality, eitherpartially or completely, one or more physiological or biochemicalparameters associated with or causative of a disease or pathologicalcondition. Monitoring is considered as a kind of treatment provided thatthe compounds are administered in distinct intervals, e.g. in order tobooster the response and eradicate the pathogens and/or symptoms of thedisease completely. Either the identical compound or different compoundscan be applied. The methods of the invention can also be used toreducing the likelihood of developing a disorder or even prevent theinitiation of disorders associated with IDO activity in advance or totreat the arising and continuing symptoms.

In the meaning of the invention, prophylactic treatment is advisable ifthe subject possesses any preconditions for the aforementionedphysiological or pathological conditions, such as a familialdisposition, a genetic defect, or a previously passed disease.

The invention furthermore relates to a medicament comprising at leastone compound according to the invention and/or pharmaceutically usablederivatives, salts, solvates and stereoisomers thereof, includingmixtures thereof in all ratios. In certain embodiments, the inventionrelates to a medicament comprising at least one compound according tothe invention and/or physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

A “medicament” in the meaning of the invention is any agent in the fieldof medicine, which comprises one or more compounds of formula (I) orpreparations thereof (e.g. a pharmaceutical composition orpharmaceutical formulation) and can be used in prophylaxis, therapy,follow-up or aftercare of patients who suffer from diseases, which areassociated with IDO activity, in such a way that a pathogenicmodification of their overall condition or of the condition ofparticular regions of the organism could establish at least temporarily.

In another aspect, the invention provides for a kit consisting ofseparate packs of an effective amount of a compound according to theinvention and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives,solvates and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in allratios, and optionally, an effective amount of a further activeingredient. The kit comprises suitable containers, such as boxes,individual bottles, bags or ampoules. The kit may, for example, compriseseparate ampoules, each containing an effective amount of a compoundaccording to the invention and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts,derivatives, solvates and stereoisomers thereof, including mixturesthereof in all ratios, and an effective amount of a further activeingredient in dissolved or lyophilized form.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer toreversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting theprogress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, treatment is administered afterone or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment isadministered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment isadministered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms(e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic orother susceptibility factors). Treatment is also continued aftersymptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay theirrecurrence.

The compounds and compositions, according to the method of the presentinvention, are administered using any amount and any route ofadministration effective for treating or lessening the severity of adisorder provided above. The exact amount required will vary fromsubject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general conditionof the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, itsmode of administration, and the like. Compounds of the invention arepreferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used hereinrefers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for thepatient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the totaldaily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present inventionwill be decided by the attending physician within the scope of soundmedical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particularpatient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including thedisorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity ofthe specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; theage, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the timeof administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of thespecific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used incombination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, andlike factors well known in the medical arts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can beadministered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally,intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as bypowders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, orthe like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. Incertain embodiments, the compounds of the invention are administeredorally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, of subjectbody weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desiredtherapeutic effect.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limitedto, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds,the liquid dosage forms optionally contain inert diluents commonly usedin the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizingagents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fattyacid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents,the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents,emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfumingagents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions are formulated according to the known art usingsuitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterileinjectable preparation are also a sterile injectable solution,suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Inaddition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtrationthrough a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizingagents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolvedor dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium priorto use.

In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention,it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound fromsubcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This is accomplished by the useof a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poorwater solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then dependsupon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal sizeand crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of aparenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving orsuspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms aremade by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradablepolymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio ofcompound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed,the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of otherbiodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides).Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping thecompound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with bodytissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferablysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of thisinvention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such ascocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solidat ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore meltin the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the activecompound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphateand/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose,glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone,sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegratingagents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch,alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solutionretarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such asquaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example,cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolinand bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate,magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate,and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, thedosage form also optionally comprises buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type are also employed as fillers insoft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactoseor milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols andthe like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills,and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as entericcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. They optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be usedinclude polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similartype are also employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatincapsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as highmolecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one ormore excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets,dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings andshells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and othercoatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such soliddosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inertdiluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms alsocomprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inertdiluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such amagnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case ofcapsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms optionally also comprisebuffering agents. They optionally contain opacifying agents and can alsobe of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be usedinclude polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound ofthis invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active componentis admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as required. Ophthalmicformulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as beingwithin the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present inventioncontemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the addedadvantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body.Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compoundin the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increasethe flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled byeither providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing thecompound in a polymer matrix or gel.

The compounds of the invention can also be utilized as commercialresearch reagents for various medical research and diagnostic uses. Suchuses can include but are not limited to: use as a calibration standardfor quantifying the activities of candidate IDO antagonists in a varietyof functional assays; use as blocking reagents in random compoundscreening, i.e. in looking for new families of IDO receptor ligands, thecompounds can be used to block recovery of the presently claimed IDOcompounds; use in the co-crystallization with IDO receptor, i.e. thecompounds of the present invention will allow formation of crystals ofthe compound bound to IDO, enabling the determination ofreceptor/compound structure by x-ray crystallography; other research anddiagnostic applications, etc.; use in assays as probes for determiningthe expression of IDO on the surface of cells; and developing assays fordetecting compounds which bind to the same site as the IDO bindingligands.

The compounds of formula (I), their salts, isomers, tautomers,enantiomeric forms, diastereomers, racemates, derivatives, prodrugsand/or metabolites are characterized by a high specificity andstability, low manufacturing costs and convenient handling. Thesefeatures form the basis for a reproducible action, wherein the lack ofcross-reactivity is included, and for a reliable and safe interactionwith the target structure.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, withoutlimitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied materialobtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine,feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

Antagonism of IDO activity in a biological sample is useful for avariety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examplesof such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion,organ transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biologicalassays.

Exemplification

As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments,compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. Itwill be appreciated that, although the general methods depict thesynthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the followinggeneral methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in theart, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of eachof these compounds, as described herein.

Compound numbers utilized in the Examples below correspond to compoundnumbers set forth supra.

General Conditions and Analytical Methods

All solvents used were commercially available and were used withoutfurther purification. Reactions were typically run using anhydroussolvents under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen.

All NMR experiments were recorded on a Bruker Mercury Plus 400 NMRSpectrometer equipped with a Bruker 400 BBFO probe at 400 MHz for protonNMR. All deuterated solvents contained typically 0.03% to 0.05% v/vtetramethylsilane, which was used as the reference signal (set at δ 0.00for both ¹H and ¹³C).

LC-MS analyses were performed on a SHIMADZU LC-MS machine consisting ofan UFLC 20-AD system and LCMS 2020 MS detector. The column used was aShim-pack XR-ODS, 2.2 μm, 3.0×50 mm. A linear gradient was applied,starting at 95% A (A: 0.05% TFA in water) and ending at 100% B (B: 0.05%TFA in acetonitrile) over 2.2 min with a total run time of 3.6 min. Thecolumn temperature was at 40° C. with the flow rate at 1.0 mL/min. TheDiode Array Detector was scanned from 200-400 nm. The mass spectrometerwas equipped with an electro spray ion source (ES) operated in apositive or negative mode. The mass spectrometer was scanned between m/z90-900 with a scan time of 0.6 s.

Measurement of human IDO-1 inhibition is performed in 384 well formatusing the Bridge-IT® tryptophan Fluorescence Assay (Mediomics, LLC, St.Louis, Mo., U.S.A.). The assay was adapted from published protocol;Meininger et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011.

Recombinant human IDO in assay buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate bufferpH 6.5, 20 mM Ascorbic acid (Sigma), 10 mM Methylen Blue (Sigma) and 0.1ug/ml catalase (Sigma)) was added to a range of compounds concentrationpreviously serial diluted in DMSO (range of concentrations from 10 μM to38 pM) or controls (1% DMSO). The concentration of enzyme in all thereaction wells was 7.5 nM. The reaction is initiated by the addition ofL-Tryptophan (Sigma) at a final concentration of 100 μM in assay buffer.After 90 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the reaction is stopped bytransferring 1 μl of the reaction mixture to 9 μl of Bridge-IT assaysolution A. After 30 min of incubation at 30° C., the fluorescenceintensity was measured at λ_(ex)=485 nm and λ_(em)=665 nm using PerkinElmer Envision® Multilabel Reader.

Intermediate A: 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-trityl-1H-imidazole

4-iodo-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole

At 0° C., to a solution of 4-iodo-1H-imidazole (5 g, 25.8 mmol) in DMF(100 mL) was added triethylamine (3.13 g, 30.9 mmol) slowly. Afterstirring for additional 10 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was addedby TrtCl (7.17 g, 25.7 mmol). The resulting solution was then stirred atroom temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was poured into 1 Lwater. A white solid precipitated out and were collected by filtration.The solid was rinsed with MeOH (50 mL×2) and Et₂O (50 mL×3), and thendried in vacuo to yield 4-iodo-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole as whitesolid (10.4 g, 92%).

4-(tributylstannyl)-1-trityl-1H-imidazole

To a solution of 4-iodo-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole (5 g, 11.47mmol) in dichloromethane (75 mL) was added iPrMgBr solution (1 M in THF,17.2 mL, 17.2 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. After stirring foradditional 1 h, the reaction mixture was added by Bu₃SnC1 (4.49 g, 13.76mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water(100 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with DCM (100 mL×2).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield4-(tributylstannyl)-1-trityl-1H-imidazole as light yellow solid (6.6 g,96% crude yield) which was used in next step without furtherpurification. MS: m/z=601.3 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B: Dimethyl2-(4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethylphosphonate

Ethyl 4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

To a solution of ethyl 4-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate (10 g, 58.06mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) was added triethylamine (13 g, 128.47mmol) slowly at room temperature. After stirring for additional 20 min,TBDMSC1 (24.9 g, 87.09 mmol) was slowly added. The resulting reactionmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 40 h. The reactionmixture was quenched by the addition of water (100 mL) and extractedwith dichloromethane (100 mL×2). The organic phases were combined,washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with EtOAc in hexane (1% to 10% gradient) to yield ethyl4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate as yellow oil(7.5 g, 45%).

2-(4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethylphosphonat

At −78° C., to a solution of MeP(O)(OMe)₂ (4.96 g, 40 mmol) in THF (50mL) was added n-BuLi (2.5 M, 16.8 mL, 42 mmol) dropwise. After stirringfor additional 30 min at −78° C., the reaction mixture was added by asolution of 4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(5.72 g, 20 mmol) in THF (5 mL) slowly. The resulting reaction mixturewas kept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min and then slowly warmed up to 0°C. in 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water(80 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×2).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleumether (50% to 100% gradient) to yield2-(4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethylphosphonate aslight yellow oil (5.68 g, 78%). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=22.91 (s).

Intermediate C: Dimethyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethylphosphonate

Dimethyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethylphosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of MeP(O)(OMe)₂ (4.96 g, 40 mmol) in THF (50mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.8 mL, 42 mmol) dropwise.After stirring for additional 30 min at −78° C., the mixture was addedby a solution of ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.12 g, 20 mmol) in THF(5 mL) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at −78°C. for 30 min and then allowed to slowly warm to 0° C. in 1 h. Thereaction was quenched by the addition of water (80 mL) carefully and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The organic phaseswere combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dicholromethane (1% to 8%gradient) to yield dimethyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethylphosphonate as clearoil (3.89 g, 83%). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=23.18 (s).

Intermediate D: Dimethyl[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

Dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of MeP(O)(OMe)₂ (5 g, 40.3 mmol) in THF (50mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3 mmol)dropwise. After stirring for additional 30 min at −78° C., ethyl4,4-difluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate (3.88 g, 20.2 mmol) in THF (5 mL)was added to the reaction mixture slowly. The resulting reaction mixturewas kept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min and then allowed to slowly warmto 0° C. in 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition ofwater (80 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(100 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanolin dichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield dimethyl[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate as clear oil (4 g,73%). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=22.28 (s).

Intermediate E: Dimethyl[2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

4,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-1-carbonitrile

At 0° C., to a solution of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexan-1-one (6.4 g, 50.71mmol) in dimethoxyethane 100 mL) was added t-BuOK (11.4 g, 101.42 mmol)and 1-(isocyanomethane)sulfonyl-4-methylbenzene (9.9 g, 50.71 mmol)successively. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluble solid,which was rinsed with DME (40 mL×3). The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with 100% petroleum ether to yield4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carbonitrile as clear oil (4 g, 57%).

4,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid

A mixture of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carbonitrile (1 g, 7.29 mmol) inaqueous potassium hydroxide solution (5 M, 30 mL) was stirred at 100° C.for 24 h. The reaction mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (30 mL×2)and the aqueous phase was neutralized with aq. HCl solution (2M)carefully. The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (80mL×4) and the combined organic phase was washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid as yellow oil (500 mg, 44%,crude yield) which was used in next step without further purification.

Ethyl 4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate

To a solution of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (1 g, 6.40mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was added catalytic amount of H₂SO₄ carefullyat room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was then stirred at70° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yieldethyl 4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate as yellow oil (800 mg, 68%,crude yield) which was used in next step without further purification.

Dimethyl [2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of MeP(O)(OMe)₂ (942 mg, 7.60 mmol) in THF (20mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 3.2 mL, 7.98 mmol)dropwise. After stirring for additional 30 min at −78° C., to thereaction mixture was added a solution of ethyl4,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (700 mg, 3.80 mmol) in THF (5 mL)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for30 min and then allowed to slowly warm to 0° C. in 1 h. The reaction wasquenched by the addition of water (50 mL) carefully and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×2). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with petroleum ether: EtOAc (5:1 to 2:1 gradient)to yield dimethyl [2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate aslight yellow oil (700 mg, 70%). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=23.15 (s).

Intermediate F: Intermediate 6: Synthesis of dimethyl(3-cyclohexyl-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate

Dimethyl (3-cyclohexyl-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (5 g, 40.3 mmol)in THF (50 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the reactionmixture was added by a solution of methyl 2-cyclohexylacetate (3.15 g,20.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture waskept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C.over 1 h period. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water(80 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethylacetate in petroleum ether (20% to 100% gradient) to yield dimethyl(3-cyclohexyl-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate as light yellow oil (3.15 g, 66%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=3.78 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.05 (d,J=22.8 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.59 (m,5H), 1.31-1.04 (m, 3H), 0.96-0.87 (m, 2H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=22.75 (s).

Intermediate G: Synthesis of dimethyl[2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

Dimethyl [2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate: At −78° C., to asolution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (5 g, 40.3 mmol) in THF (50 mL)was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3 mmol) dropwise.After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the reaction mixture was added bya solution of ethyl tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (3.2 g, 20.2 mmol)in THF (10 mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was kept stirring at −78°C. for 30 min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1 h period. Thenthe reaction was quenched by the addition of water (80 mL) carefully andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The organicphases were combined, washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in petroleumether (20% to 100% gradient) to yield dimethyl[2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate as light yellow oil (3.73 g, 78%).¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=4.02-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s,3H), 3.46-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.15 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 2H), 2.83-2.76 (m, 1H),1.82-1.61 (m, 4H).

Intermediate H: Synthesis of dimethyl(2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate

Dimethyl (2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (5 g, 40.3 mmol)in THF (50 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the reactionmixture was added by a solution of ethyl1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (4.33 g, 20.2 mmol) in THF (10mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for 30min and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1 h period. Then the reactionwas quenched by the addition of water (80 mL) carefully and the mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (20% to100% gradient) to yield dimethyl(2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate as lightyellow oil (3.85 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm): δ=3.93-3.90 (m,4H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.13 (d, J=22.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.55 (m,1H), 1.92-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.47 (m, 2H).

Intermediate I: Synthesis of methyl4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

Methyl 4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (5 g, 40.3 mmol)in THF (50 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the reactionmixture was added by a solution of 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (4 g, 20.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) slowly.The resulting mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min, and thenslowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1 h period. Then the reaction was quenchedby the addition of water (80 mL) carefully and the mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washedwith brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (20% to 100% gradient) toyield methyl 4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylateas light yellow oil (3.76 g, 68%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=3.81(s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.13 (d, J=22.4 Hz, 2H), 2.69-2.53(m, 2H), 2.28-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.74-1.61 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.24 (m, 2H). ³¹PNMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=22.97 & 22.74 (s). MS: m/z=314.95 [M+Na]⁺.

Intermediate J: Synthesis of dimethyl[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

Dimethyl [2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (2.5 g, 20.2mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 8.5 mL,21.3 mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the reactionmixture was added by a solution of ethyl 1-fluorocyclohexanecarboxylate(1.76 g, 10.1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was keptstirring at −78° C. for 30 min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1h period. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water (50mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (80 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether(20% to 100% gradient) to yield dimethyl[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate as clear oil (1.28 g,57%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=3.81 (s, 3 H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.32(d, J=22.0 Hz, 2H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.53 (m, 7H), 1.32-1.23 (m,1H).

Intermediate K: Synthesis of dimethyl(2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate

Ethyl spiro[2.5]octane-6-carboxylate

At 0° C., trifluoroacetic acid (2.2 mL, 32.7 mmol) was added dropwise toa solution of diethylzinc (1 M in hexane, 33 mL) in DCM (50 mL). Themixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C., and then was added bydiiodomethane (2.64 mL, 32.7 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture wasstirred for another 40 min at 0° C., and then was added by a solution ofethyl 4-methylidenecyclohexane-1-carboxylate (2.20 g, 13.08 mmol) in DCM(5 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 2h. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water (50 mL) andthe mixture was extracted with DCM (50 mL×2). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (1% to 8% gradient)to yield ethyl spiro[2.5]octane-6-carboxylate as light yellow oil (2 g,84%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=4.11 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.32-2.24(m, 1H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H),0.97-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.26-0.15 (m, 4H).

Dimethyl (2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (2.72 g, 21.92mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 8.8 mL,22.0 mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the mixturewas added by a solution of ethyl spiro[2.5]octane-6-carboxylate (2 g,10.97 mmol) in THF (6 mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was keptstirring at −78° C. for 30 min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1h period. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water (60mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (80 mL×2). The organicphases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (20% to100% gradient) to yield dimethyl(2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate as light yellow oil(2.2 g, 77%). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=23.12 (s).

Intermediate L: Synthesis of dimethyl[2-oxo-2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]phosphonate

Ethyl 1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate

To a solution of ethyl 4,4-difluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate (3.5 g,18.23 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was added LDA (2 M in THF, 13.7 mL, 27.4mmol) dropwise at −78° C. After stirring for 1 h at −78° C., the mixturewas added by N-(benzenesulfonyl)-S-phenylfluoranesulfonamido (6.89 g,21.88 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was warmed up to roomtemperature and stirred for 16 h. Then the reaction was quenched by theaddition of saturated ammonium chloride solution (50 mL) carefully andthe mixture was extracted with EtOAc (80 mL×2). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (0% to 3% gradient)to yield ethyl 1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate as light yellowoil (580 mg, 16%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=4.11 (q, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.32-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.23 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.26-0.15 (m, 4H).

Dimethyl [2-oxo-2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (680 mg, 5.48mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 2.2 mL,5.5 mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the mixturewas added by a solution of ethyl1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylate (580 mg, 2.76 mmol) in THF (3mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for 30min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1 h period. Then the reactionwas quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) carefully and the mixturewas extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The organic phases were combined,washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (20% to 100% gradient) to yielddimethyl [2-oxo-2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]phosphonate as lightyellow oil (445 mg, 56%).

Intermediate M: Synthesis of dimethyl[2-(4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

Ethyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

To a solution of 4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (5 g,30.03 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added sulfuric acid (0.25 mL, 4.60mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C.for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (150 mL×2). The organic phases were combined,washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield ethyl4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate as clear oil (5.2 g, 93%)which was used in the next step without further purification.

Ethyl 4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

At room temperature, to a solution of ethyl4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (5.2 g, 27.9 mmol) in DMF (60mL) was added imidazole (3.8 g, 55.8 mmol) and TBSCl (5.45 g, 36.2 mmol)successively. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for16 h. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water (150 mL)and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL×2). The organic phaseswere combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (1% to 10%gradient) to yield ethyl4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate aslight yellow oil (7.5 g, 89%).

Dimethyl[2-(4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate

At −78° C., to a solution of dimethyl methylphosphonate (5 g, 40.3 mmol)in THF (50 mL) was added n-BuLi solution (2.5 M in THF, 16.9 mL, 42.3mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at −78° C., the mixture wasadded by a solution of ethyl4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (6.1g, 20.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) slowly. The resulting mixture was keptstirring at −78° C. for 30 min, and then slowly warmed up to 0° C. in 1h period. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of water (80mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether(20% to 100% gradient) to yield dimethyl[2-(4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonateas light yellow oil (5.76 g, 75%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=3.77(s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.39-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.10 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 2H),2.71-2.42 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.34-1.20 (m,2H), 1.02-0.90 (m, 1H), 0.85 (s, 9H), −0.01 (s, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=23.29 (s).

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole (1a and 1b)

2-(1-Trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzaldehyde

A mixture of 4-iodo-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole (Intermediate A,4.36 g, 9.99 mmol), (2-formylphenyl)boronic acid (1.65 g, 11.00 mmol),Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.16 g, 1.0 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (4.25 g, 20.02 mmol) in DMF (40mL) and water (8 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h under N₂atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL×2). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in hexane (1% to 25% gradient) toyield 2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzaldehyde as yellow solid (3 g,72%). MS: m/z=415.1 [M+H]⁺.

1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 348 mg, 8.7 mmol) inTHF (40 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (1.87 g, 7.98 mmol) in THF (10 mL)slowly. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., the reactionmixture was treated with a solution of2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde (3 g, 7.24 mmol) inTHF (15 mL). The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 2.5 h. The reaction was then quenched by water (100 mL) and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL×2). The organic phaseswere combined, washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one aslight yellow solid (3.5 g, 93% crude yield) which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=523.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-(5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethanone

To a suspension of1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(3.5 g, 6.70 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was added acetic acid (10 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL). The dilutedsolution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (40 mL×2) and brine, andthen dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting withmethanol in dicholormethane (1% to 6% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one as yellow oil(1.6 g, 78.8% over two steps). MS: m/z=281.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-cyclohexyl-2-(5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethanol

At 0° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one (300 mg, 1.07mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added sodium borohydride (81 mg, 2.14 mmol)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30min. The reaction mixture was then quenched by water (30 mL) and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The organic phaseswere combined, washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 6%gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-(5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethanol as clear oil (250mg, 83%). MS: m/z=283.1 [M+H]⁺.

5-(2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole (Ent 1a & 1b)

At 0° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (144 mg, 0.64 mmol) in DCM (6mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol (120 mg, 0.44mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL), and triethylamine-hydrogen fluordie(104 mg, 0.64 mmol) successively. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was thenquenched by water (30 mL) and the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (40 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed withbrine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was first purified by prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: XBridge Prep C18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm;acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid), 15% to 40%gradient in 20 min. Then the two enantiomers were separated by chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALCEL OJ-H, 2×25 cm;mobile phase, ethanol in hexane; 5% isocratic in 29 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 1a:

(20 mg, 16.7%, light yellow oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 92.7%purity, RT=1.70 min. MS: m/z=285.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=7.78 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.18 (m, 4H), 5.32-5.21 (t,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H),1.60-1.10 (m, 10H);

Compound 1b

(21 mg, 17.5%, light yellow oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 95.7%purity, RT=2.76 min. MS: m/z=285.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=7.78 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.18 (m, 4H), 5.32-5.21 (t,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H),1.60-1.10 (m, 10H).

Example 21-Cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(2a and 2b)

2-Fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluoropyridine-3-carbaldehyde (101 mg, 0.5 mmol),4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole (Intermediate A,450 mg, 0.75 mmol) and PdAMPHOS (35 mg, 0.05 mmol) in acetonitrile (3mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 5 h under N₂ atmosphere. Then thereaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethylacetate (50 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine,and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethylacetate in hexane (10% to 30% gradient) to yield2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(70 mg, 33%) as light yellow oil.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 29 mg, 0.73 mmol) in THF (6 mL)was added a solution of dimethyl (2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate(Intermediate C, 155 mg, 0.66 mmol) in THF (2 mL) slowly at 0° C. Afterstirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was addedby a solution of2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(260 mg, 0.6 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The resulting reaction mixture wasthen stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched by water (30 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (50 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine,and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure toyield1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(260 mg, 80% crude yield) as yellow oil, which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=542.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(260 mg, 0.48 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (60 mL). The solution waswashed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 10% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(130 mg, 72% over two steps) as yellow oil.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (120 mg, 0.40 mmol) in methanol (8mL) was added sodium borohydride (30.4 mg, 0.80 mmol) slowly at 0° C.The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min.The reaction mixture was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted withEtOAc (45 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 15% to 43% gradient in 12 min.

Compound 2a:

(35 mg, 29%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 100% purity,RT=1.46 min. MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.13-8.03 (m, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H),5.53-5.49 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.93 (m,1H), 1.70-1.52 (m, 5H), 1.20-0.82 (m, 7H);

Compound 2b:

(18 mg, 15%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=2.47 min. MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.18-8.13 (m, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H),5.69-5.62 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.52 (m,6H), 1.30-0.82 (m, 6H).

Example 31-cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(3a and 3b)

3-Fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 3-bromo-5-fluoropyridine-4-carbaldehyde (406 mg, 1.99mmol), 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole(Intermediate A, 1.8 g, 3.0 mmol) and PdAMPHOS (142 mg, 0.20 mmol) inacetonitrile (12 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 4 h under N₂ atmosphere.Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extractedwith ethyl acetate (80 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith ethyl acetate in hexane (10% to 30% gradient) to yield3-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde(610 mg, 71%) as light yellow oil.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[3-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60% in oil, 20 mg, 0.50 mmol) in THF(5 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (Intermediate C, 107 mg, 0.46 mmol)in THF (2 mL) slowly at 0° C. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0°C., the reaction mixture was added by a solution of2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(180 mg, 0.42 mmol) in THF (2 mL) carefully. The resulting reactionmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reactionmixture was quenched by the addition of water (25 mL) carefully and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×2). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[3-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(180 mg, 80% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[3-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(200 mg, 0.37 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL). The solution waswashed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, then dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 10% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(50 mg, 40% over two steps) as yellow solid. MS: m/z=300.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (120 mg, 0.40 mmol) in methanol (8mL) was added sodium borohydride (30.4 mg, 0.80 mmol) slowly at 0° C.The resulting solution was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min. Thereaction mixture was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with ethylacetate (45 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile inwater (with 10 mmol NH₄HCO₃), 28% isocratic in 20 min.

Compound 3a:

(31 mg, 25.8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers). HPLC: 99.1%purity, RT=0.79 min. MS: m/z=302.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=8.69 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.75 (t, J=4.8Hz, 1H), 3.30 (s, 1H), 2.58-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.60(m, 5H), 1.31-0.92 (m, 6H).

Compound 3b:

(14 mg, 11.7%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers). HPLC: 99.1%purity, RT=0.81 min. MS: m/z=302.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=8.61 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 5.72-5.68 (m,1H), 3.51-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.33-0.82(m, 6H).

Example 44-(2-[9-fluoro-4,6,100-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-hydroxyethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(4a and 4b)

1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 40 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (8 mL)was added a solution of dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate(Intermediate B, 333 mg, 0.91 mmol) in THF (2 mL) slowly at 0° C. Afterstirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was addedby a solution of2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde(360 mg, 0.83 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The resulting mixture was thenstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenchedby water (40 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(430 mg, 77% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=672.4 [M+H]⁺.

1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-fluoro-4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(430 mg, 0.64 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]-dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(253 mg, 71% over two steps) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=430.2 [M+H]⁺.

2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(250 mg, 0.59 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (6 Min water, 2 mL, 12 mmol) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 50° C. for 20 min. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). Theorganic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine,and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 8% gradient) to yield2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one(100 mg, 54%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=316.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-hydroxyethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

To a solution of2-[9-fluoro-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one(100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added sodium borohydride (24mg, 0.64 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting mixture was kept stirringat 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched by water (20 mL) and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (35 mL×5). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLCto separate the cis- and trans-configuration isomers under the followingconditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with0.05% TFA), 3% to 10% gradient in 10 min.

Compound 4a:

(19 mg, 19%, white solid, containing 4 stereoisomers) HPLC: 70.9% and26.2% purity for each pair of enantiomeric products respectively,RT=1.28 and 1.30 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.32-9.22 (m, 1H), 8.39-8.35 (m, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.74 (m, 1H),5.98-5.96 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.14-1.68 (m,5H), 1.52-1.06 (m, 5H);

Compound 4b:

(17 mg, 17%, white solid, containing 4 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.3%purity, RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.28-9.12 (m, 1H), 8.37-8.32 (m, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.73 (m, 1H),6.08-5.95 (m, 1H), 3.90 (br s s, 1H), 3.59-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.50 (m,1H), 2.28-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.30 (m, 7H).

Example 51-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(5a and 5b)

3-[1-(Triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 3-bromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde (93 mg, 0.50 mmol),4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole (Intermediate A,360 mg, 0.60 mmol) and PdAMPHOS (35 mg, 0.05 mmol) in acetonitrile (5mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 4 h under N₂ atmosphere. The resultingreaction mixture was diluted with water (25 mL) and extracted with ethylacetate (45 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethylacetate in hexane (10% to 60% gradient) to yield3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (150 mg,72%) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=416.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60% in oil, 15 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF(5 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (Intermediate C, 80 mg, 0.34 mmol)in THF (1 mL) slowly at 0° C. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0°C., the reaction mixture was added by a solution of3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (130 mg,0.31 mmol) in THF (1 mL) slowly. The resulting solution was then stirredat room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by water (25 mL)and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×2). The organicphases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(150 mg, 92% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=524.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(150 mg, 0.29 mmol) in methanol (3 mL) was added acetic acid (1 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (60 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting methanol indichloromethane (1% to 10% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(70 mg, 73% over two steps) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=282.1 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(120 mg, 0.42 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was added sodium borohydride (32mg, 0.84 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was keptstirring at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then quenched bywater (40 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge PrepC18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% TFA),30% to 80% gradient in 8 min.

Compound 5a:

(25 mg, 20.8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 90.5%purity, RT=1.29 min. MS: m/z=284.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=8.29 (m, 1H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 1H),5.39-5.25 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.56 (m,6H), 1.30-1.08 (m, 4H), 1.01-0.80 (m, 2H);

Compound 5b:

(12 mg, 10%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 92.3%purity, RT=1.42 min. MS: m/z=284.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=8.29 (m, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.29 (m, 1H),7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 5.27-5.23 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.71 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.24 (m,1H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.59 (m, 5H), 1.29-1.09 (m, 4H), 1.04-0.89(m, 2H).

Example 64-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol(6a, 6b, 6c, 6d)

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 63 mg, 1.58 mmol) in THF (10 mL)was added a solution of dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate(Intermediate B, 531 mg, 1.46 mmol) in THF (2 mL) slowly at 0° C. Afterstirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was addedby a solution of3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (550 mg,1.32 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The resulting solution was then stirred atroom temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by water (40mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (60 mL×2). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(793 mg, 92% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification: m/z=654.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(793 mg, 1.21 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 7% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(370 mg, 68% over two steps) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=412.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(370 mg, 0.90 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (6 Min water, 2 mL, 12 mmol) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 50° C. for 20 min. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (120mL). The organic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2)and brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with methanol in dichlromethane (1% to 8% gradient) to yield1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(220 mg, 80%) as yellow solid. MS: m/z=298.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol

To a solution of1-[4-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (150 mg, 0.50 mmol) in methanol (8mL) at 0° C. was added sodium borohydride (37.8 mg, 1.0 mmol) slowly.The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min.The reaction mixture was then quenched by the addition of water (15 mL)carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×5).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge Prep C18OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 m; acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% TFA), 5%to 25% gradient in 10 min.

Compound 6a:

(13 mg, 8.7%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 76.4%purity RT=3.61 min. MS: m/z=300.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=9.11(s, 1H), 8.60-8.59 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.24-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H),7.54-7.51 (m, 1H), 5.76-5.63 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.50 (m,1H), 2.21-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.87 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.41-0.97(m, 5H);

Compound 6b:

(13 mg, 8.7%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 83.6%purity RT=4.32 min. MS: m/z=300.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=9.18(s, 1H), 8.61-8.58 (m, 1H), 8.22-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.49(m, 1H), 5.65-5.61 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.40 (m, 1H),2.56-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.75-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.10 (m,5H);

Compound 6c:

(8 mg, 5.3%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 82.7% purityRT=3.96 min. MS: m/z=300.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=9.18 (s,1H), 8.66-8.65 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.29-8.25 (m, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H),7.60-7.56 (m, 1H), 5.83-5.69 (m, 1H), 3.94 (br s, 1H), 3.49-3.32 (m,1H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.31(m, 7H);

Compound 6d:

(12 mg, 8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 49.0% purity,RT=0.45 min. MS: m/z=300.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=9.20 (s,0.5H), 9.13 (s, 0.5H), 8.61-8.59 (m, 1H), 8.24-8.20 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s,1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 1H), 5.80-5.77 (m, 0.5H),5.67-5.63 (m, 0.5H),4.85-3.90 (m, 1.5H), 3.41-3.38 (m, 0.5H), 2.60-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.20(m, 0.5H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 0.5H), 1.99-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.26 (m, 7H).

Example 7 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-{4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl}ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(7a and 7b)

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(see Example 6 prep, 370 mg, 0.90 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was addedsodium borohydride (68 mg, 1.8 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resultingsolution was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture wasthen quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) carefully and thereaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby flash chromatography eluting with methanol in dichlromethane (1% to7% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(300 mg, 81%) as colorless foam. MS: m/z=414.1 [M+H]⁺.

7-(2-{4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At −10° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (249 mg, 1.09 mmol) indichloromethane (8 mL) was added a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(300 mg, 0.73 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) slowly. The resultingsolution was stirred at −10° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched by water (30 mL) and the reaction mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (40 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield7-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene7-(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-fluoroethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(210 mg, 70%) as colorless oil. MS: m/z=416.3 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-{4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl}ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol4-(1-Fluoro-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

To a solution of7-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(180 mg, 0.43 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added Py.HF (0.5 mL,5.55 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by sat. NaHCO₃solution (20 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue waspurified by prep-HPLC to separate the cis and trans isomers under thefollowing conditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm;acetonitrile in water (with 10 mmol NH₄HCO₃), 5% to 30% gradient in 10min.

Compound 7a:

(46 mg, 35%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.2% purity,RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.38(d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37(t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.68(m, 4H), 1.59-1.21 (m, 6H);

Compound 7b:

(39 mg, 30%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.0% purity,RT=2.27 min. MS: m/z=302.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.38(d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.01-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 5.35(t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H),1.80-1.21 (m, 10H).

Example 84-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol(8a and 8b)

Compound 7a was subjected to chiral SFC purification Whelk 01 column,45% ethanol/0.5% diethylamine, 8 mL/min provide to single enantiomerscompound 7a and compound 7b.

Compound 8a:

Retention time 3.98 min; MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=8.38 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H),5.37 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H),1.83-1.19 (m, 9H);

Compound 8b:

Retention time under chiral purification 4.26 min; MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=8.38 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37-8.00 (m, 2H),7.39 (m, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 2.42(m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.19 (m, 9H);

Example 91-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(9a and 9b)

4-[1-(Triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 4-bromopyridine-3-carbaldehyde hydrochloride (331 mg, 1.49mmol), 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole(Intermediate A, 1080 mg, 1.80 mmol), K₂CO₃ (207 mg, 1.50 mmol) andPdAMPHOS (106 mg, 0.15 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 mL) was stirred at 100°C. for 8 h under N₂ atmosphere. The resulting reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (60 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (120 mL×2).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with petroleum ether: ethylacetate (1:1) to yield4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (240 mg,39%) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=416.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 28 mg, 0.70 mmol) inTHF (8 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (Intermediate C, 149 mg, 0.64 mmol)in THF (2 mL) slowly. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., thereaction mixture was added by a solution of4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (240 mg,0.58 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The resulting solution was then stirred atroom temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by theaddition of water (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withethyl aceate (60 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure toyield1-cyclohexyl-3-[4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(210 mg, 69% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=524.3 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[4-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(200 mg, 0.38 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residuewas dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). The organic phase was washedwith sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(100 mg, 64% over two steps) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=282.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(100 mg, 0.36 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was added sodium borohydride (21mg, 0.72 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting solution was kept stirringat 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched by the addition ofwater (30 mL) carefully and the reaction mixture was extracted withethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by Phenomenex Lux Column, 21.2×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH (with 0.1% DEA) in hexane; 20% iPrOHisocratic in 33 min.

Compound 9a:

(25 mg, 20.8%, yellow solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 96.7%purity, RT=1.34 min. MS: m/z=284.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.72 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz,1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 5.57 (m, 1H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 1H), 2.82 (m,1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.32-0.93 (m, 5H);

Compound 9b:

(12 mg, 10%, yellow solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.4%purity, RT=0.64 min. MS: m/z=284.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.72 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz,1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 5.52 (m, 1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m,1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.32-0.93 (m, 5H).

Example 10 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(10a and 10b)

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At −10° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (144 mg, 0.64 mmol) indichloromethane (6 mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,10-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(Compound 9a, 120 mg, 0.42 mmol) in dichlromethane (2 mL) andtriethylamine hydrogen fluoride (104 mg, 0.64 mmol) successively. Theresulting solution was stirred at −10° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixturewas then quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) carefully and thereaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (40 mL×2). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was firstpurified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NX C18Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃),30% acetonitrile isocratic in 15 min. Then the two enantiomers wereseparated by chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAKIC, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; mobile phase, ethanol in hexane; 30% ethanolisocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 10a:

(28 mg, 23.3%, yellow oil, containing one stereoisomer) HPLC: 100%purity, RT=1.91 min. MS: m/z=286.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.59 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 5.49 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.09 (m, 1H),1.69-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.10 (m, 10H);

Compound 10b:

(33 mg, 27.5%, yellow oil, containing one stereoisomer) HPLC: 100%purity, RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=286.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.55 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=5.1 Hz,1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 5.47 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.09 (m, 1H),1.69-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.10 (m, 10H).

Example 111-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(11a and 11b)

2-Methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-4-carbaldehyde (430 mg, 1.99mmol), 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole(Intermediate A, 1800 mg, 3.0 mmol) and PdAMPHOS (142 mg, 0.20 mmol) inacetonitrile (20 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 8 h under N₂ atmosphere.The resulting reaction mixture was diluted with water (40 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (7:3) to yield2-methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde(630 mg, 71%) as yellow solid. MS: m/z=446.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[2-methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium borohydride (60%, 42 mg, 1.05 mmol)in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (226 mg, 0.96 mmol) in THF (2 mL)slowly. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., the reactionmixture was added by a solution of2-methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde(390 mg, 0.88 mmol) in THF (3 mL). The resulting solution was thenstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenchedby water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL×2). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(410 mg, 85% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=554.2 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-methoxy-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(400 mg, 0.72 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 7% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(170 mg, 65% over two steps) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=312.0[M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

At 0° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(170 mg, 0.54 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added sodium borohydride(40.8 mg, 1.08 mmol) slowly. The resulting solution was kept stirring at0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched by water (30 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by Phenomenex Lux Column,21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 20% iPrOH isocratic in 43 min.

Compound 11a:

(19 mg, 11.2%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 93.9%purity, RT=0.89 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.43 (m, 1H),4.98 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H),1.86-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.31-0.95 (m, 6H);

Compound 11b:

(83 mg, 48.8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 95.1%purity, RT=0.87 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.43 (m, 1H),4.81 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.88(m, 1H), 1.78-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.29-0.91 (m, 6H).

Example 121-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(12a and 12b)

1-Phenyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

At room temperature, to a solution of3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (240 mg,0.58 mmol) and 1-phenylethan-1-one (76 mg, 0.63 mmol) in methanol (15mL) was added t-BuONa (67 mg, 0.70 mmol) carefully. The resultingmixture was then stirred 65° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched by the addition of water (45 mL) carefully and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield1-phenyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(234 mg, 78% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=518.1 [M+H]⁺.

1-Phenyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-phenyl-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(234 mg, 0.46 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added acetic acid (2 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 8% gradient) to yield1-phenyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(120 mg, 75% over two steps) as yellow solid. MS: m/z=276.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Phenyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-phenyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(120 mg, 0.43 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added sodium borohydride (34mg, 0.86 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting solution was kept stirringat 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched by the addition ofwater (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(50 mL×2). The organic phase was washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Shim-packXR-ODS, 3.0×50 mm, 2.2 jtm; acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% TFA), 5%to 100% gradient in 3.6 min.

Compound 12a:

(48 mg, 40%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.8%purity, RT=1.37 min. MS: m/z=278.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.42 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.01-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.22 (m, 7H),5.64-5.62 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.34-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.18-5.12 (m, 1H), 2.35(m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H);

Compound 12b:

(29 mg, 24%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.4%purity, RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=278.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ=8.38 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.02-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.23 (m, 7H), 5.81 (d,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.41-5.38 (m, 1H), 5.08-5.03 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 1.88(m, 1H).

Example 13 Synthesis of4-(2-(5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexanol (13aand 13b)

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60% in oil, 116 mg, 2.90mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate(Intermediate B, 967 mg, 2.65 mmol) in THF (5 mL) slowly. After stirringfor additional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was added by asolution of 2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde (1 g,2.41 mmol) in THF (5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was thenstirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by theaddition of water (40 mL) carefully and the resulting mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×3). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(1.4 g, 89% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=653.3 [M+H]⁺.

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one

To a suspension of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-3-[2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(1.4 g, 2.14 mmol) in methanol (12 mL) was added acetic acid (4 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phasewas washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (2% to 8% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(410 mg, 34% over two steps) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=411.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-[4-[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(540 mg, 1.32 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was added sodium borohydride (75mg, 1.98 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirringat 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched by the addition ofwater (45 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(60 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol(465 mg, 86%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=413.2 [M+H]⁺.

5-(2-{4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At −10° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (445 mg, 1.94 mmol) indichloromethane (10 mL) was added a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol(535 mg, 1.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL). The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at −10° C. for 1 h. The reaction was then quenchedby the addition of water (35 mL) carefully and the resulting mixture wasextracted with dichloromethane (50 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with methanol in dichjloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(300 mg, 56%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=415.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-(5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexanol

To a solution of5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(200 mg, 0.49 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added Py.HF (1 mL, 11.1mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was then stirred atroom temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. NaHCO₃solution (20 mL), and then extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge RP18 OBD Column,19×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% TFA), 15% to 19%gradient in 11 min.

Compound 13a:

(26 mg, 18%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.0% purity,RT=1.15 min. MS: m/z=301.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.19(s, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=4.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 1H),7.54-7.52 (m, 2H), 5.78 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H),2.34 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.25 (m, 6H);

Compound 13b:

(22 mg, 15%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.4% purity,RT=1.50 min. MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.21(s, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.52 (m, 2H),5.79 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H),1.78-1.25 (m, 10H).

Example 14(1R,4s)-4-(2-((R)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-ol(14a) and(1S,4s)-4-(2-((S)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-ol(14b)

Compound 13a was subjected to chiral SFC under the following conditionsIF/S4 chiral prep SFC, isocratic 45% ethanol with 0.1% dimethylamine, 8mL/min to give two products.

Compound 14a:

retention time 4.2 min; MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.21 (s, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.52 (m,2H), 5.79 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H),1.78-1.25 (m, 9H).

Compound 14b:

retention time 4.6 min; MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.21 (s, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.52 (m,2H), 5.79 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H),1.78-1.25 (m, 9H).

Example 15 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(15a and 15b)

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

To a suspension of XtalFluor-E (338 mg, 1.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (10mL) at −10° C. was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(Compound 11a, 300 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) andtriethylamine-hydrogen fluoride (244 mg, 1.5 mmol) successively. Theresulting mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 2 h. The reaction was thenquenched by the addition of water (40 mL) carefully and the mixture wasextracted with dichloromethane (60 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: XBridge RP18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm;acetonitrile in water (with 10 mmol NH₄HCO₃), 42% to 47% in 8 min. Theproducts were separated by chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Phenomenex Lux, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH (with0.1% DEA) in hexane, 30% isocratic in 26 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 15a:

(45 mg, 15%, yellow oil, containing one stereoisomer) HPLC: 92.5%purity, RT=2.77 min. MS: m/z=316.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=8.32 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 5.27 (t, J=5.4Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H),1.62-1.18 (m, 10H);

Compound 15b:

(44 mg, 14.7%, yellow oil, containing one stereoisomer) HPLC: 91.6%purity, RT=2.79 min. MS: m/z=316.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=8.32 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.17 (br s, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 5.26 (t,J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m,2H), 1.62-1.18 (m, 10H).

Example 16 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-(6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol(16a and 16b)

1-[4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(310 mg, 0.72 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added sodium borohydride (23mg, 1.42 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was keptstirring at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then quenched bythe addition of water (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (2% to 5% gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol(290 mg, 93%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=431.2 [M+H]⁺.

5-(2-{4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At 0° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (232 mg, 1.01 mmol) indichloromethane (5 mL) was added a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol(290 mg, 0.67 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) slowly. The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The reactionmixture was then quenched by water (25 mL) and the mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane (40 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washedwith brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (2% to 5% gradient) to yield5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole5 (68 mg, 23%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=433.2 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-(6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol

To a solution of5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(210 mg, 0.49 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added Py.HF (1 mL, 11.1mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was then stirred atroom temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. NaHCO₃solution (20 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue waspurified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge RP18 OBDColumn, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile in water (with 0.05% TFA), 18% to28% gradient in 9 min.

Compound 16a:

(12 mg, 7.8%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 96.1% purity,RT=1.77 min. MS: m/z=319.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.14(s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.23 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),5.97 (m, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.69 (m,3H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.35-1.21 (m, 4H).

Compound 16b:

(18 mg, 11.7%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 96.0%purity, RT=1.55 min. MS: m/z=319.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=9.19 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.67-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),6.01 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.45 (m,8H), 1.39-1.22 (m, 2H).

Example 17 Synthesis of10-fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

Methyl 3-bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylate

At 0° C., to a solution of NOBF₄ (2.28 g, 19.52 mmol) in dichloromethane(60 mL) was added a solution of methyl6-amino-3-bromopyridine-2-carboxylate (3.45 g, 14.93 mmol) indichloromethane (15 mL) slowly. The resulting solution was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched bywater (100 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (120 mL×2). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby flash chromatography eluting with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate(10:1 to 7:3 gradient) to yield methyl3-bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylate (2.4 g, 69%) as light yellow oil.MS: m/z=233.8 [M+H]⁺.

(3-Bromo-6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol

At 0° C., to a solution of methyl 3-bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylate(2.4 g, 10.26 mmol) in methanol (40 mL) was added sodium borohydride(1.95 g, 51.54 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by theaddition of water (100 mL) carefully and extracted with ethyl acetate(150 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with petroleumether: ethyl acetate (10:1 to 4:1 gradient) to yield(3-bromo-6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol (1.7 g, 80%) as light yellowsolid. MS: m/z=205.8 [M+H]⁺.

3-Bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carbaldehyde

To a solution of (3-bromo-6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol (2 g, 9.71 mmol)in chloroform (60 mL) was added MnO₂ (8.5 g, 97.77 mmol) at roomtemperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 24h.

The reaction mixture was filtered to and the solid was rinsed withchloroform (30 mL×3). The filtrate was combined and concentrated underreduced pressure to yield 3-bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carbaldehyde (1.8g, 91% crude yield) as light yellow solid, which was used in next stepwithout further purification.

6-Fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde

A mixture of 3-bromo-6-fluoropyridine-2-carbaldehyde (406 mg, 1.99mmol), 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole(Intermediate A, 1.8 g, 3.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄(231 mg, 0.20 mmol) intoluene (12 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h under N₂ atmosphere. Thereaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethylacetate (80 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with petroleumether: ethyl acetate (10:1 to 7:3 gradient) to yield6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde(490 mg, 57%) as yellow solid. MS: m/z=434.1 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 56 mg, 1.41 mmol) inTHF (8 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (Intermediate C, 303 mg, 1.29 mmol)in THF (3 mL) slowly. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., thereaction mixture was added by a solution of6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde(510 mg, 1.18 mmol) in THF (3 mL) carefully. The resulting reactionmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction wasquenched by the addition of water (50 mL) carefully and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL×2). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(540 mg, 85% crude yield) as yellow oil which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=542.3 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(541 mg, 1.0 mmol) in methanol (9 mL) was added acetic acid (3 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). Theorganic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine,and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (50:1 to 95:5 gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(220 mg, 73% over two steps) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=300.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (110 mg, 0.37 mmol) in methanol (8mL) was added sodium borohydride (28 mg, 0.74 mmol) slowly at 0° C. Theresulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min. Thereaction was then quenched by the addition of water (20 mL) carefullyand the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×2). The combinedorganic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (50:1 to 93:7gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(90 mg, 82%) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=302.0 [M+H]⁺.

10-Fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At 0° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (103 mg, 0.45 mmol) indichlromethane (5 mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(90 mg, 0.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) and TEA.3HF (72 mg, 0.45mmol) successively. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (30 mL)carefully and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (40 mL×2).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by prep-HPLC to under the following conditions: Gemini-NX C18Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA), 5% to 30% in10 min.7-[2-cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(17), 541 nM 28 mg, 31%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC:86.6% purity, RT=2.27 min. MS: m/z=304.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=9.22 (s, 1H), 8.35 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.67 (m,2H), 1.58-1.19 (m, 10H).

Example 18 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(18a and 18b)

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At 0° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (449 mg, 1.96 mmol) indichloromethane (10 mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(12),2,4,8,10-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(see Example 5, 370 mg, 1.31 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) and TEA.3HF(316 mg, 1.96 mmol) successively. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction was then quenched by the additionof water (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (50 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: XBridge RP18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; acetonitrile inwater (with 10 mmol NH₄HCO₃), 25% to 63% in 10 min. Then two enantiomerswere separated by chiral prep-HPLC oil under the following conditions:Chiralpak IC, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30%isocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 18a:

(46 mg, 12.4%, clear oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.8% purity,RT=0.95 min. MS: m/z=286.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.41(dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.20 (t,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.17(m, 10H).

Compound 18b

(44 mg, 11.9%, clear oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.7% purity,RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=286.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.41(dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.20 (t,J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.17(m, 10H).

Example 19 Synthesis of6-fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole (19aand 19b)

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 33 mg, 0.83 mmol) inTHF (5 mL) was added a solution of dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (Intermediate C, 179 mg, 0.76 mmol)in THF (2 mL) slowly. After stirring for additional 15 min at 0° C., asolution of2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde (300 mg,0.69 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added carefully. The resulting reactionmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reactionmixture was quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) carefully and themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×2). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-oneas yellow oil (350 mg, 93%, crude yield) which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=541.3 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(400 mg, 0.74 mmol) in methanol (9 mL) was added acetic acid (3 mL)slowly at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredat 90° C. for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL). Theorganic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine,and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (2% to 5% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one asyellow oil (150 mg, 73% over two steps). MS: m/z=299.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol

At 0° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one (200mg, 0.67 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was added sodium borohydride (38 mg,1.0 mmol) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0°C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then quenched by the addition ofwater (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(50 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (2% to 6% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol asyellow oil (180 mg, 89%). MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺.

6-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

At −10° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (172 mg, 0.75 mmol) indichloromethane (5 mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol (150mg, 0.50 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) and TEA.3HF (121 mg, 0.75 mmol)successively. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −10° C. for1 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by water (25 mL) and themixture was extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL×2). The combinedorganic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified byprep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge RP18 OBD Column,19×150 mm, 5 m; acetonitrile in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 46% to 58%in 10 min. Then the two products were separated by chiral prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: CHIRALCEL OJ-H, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 11 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 19a

(33 mg, 22%, clear oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=303.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.43-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.02 (m, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.5Hz, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.37 (m,6H), 1.30-1.09 (m, 4H).

Compound 19b:

(31 mg, 20.7%, clear oil, containing 1 stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.16 min. MS: m/z=303.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.43-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.04-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.62 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.23 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.37(m, 6H), 1.30-1.09 (m, 4H).

Example 20 1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-amine(20a and 20b)

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-amine

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one (315 mg, 1.12mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added ammonium acetate (867 mg, 11.25mmol) and sodium cyanoborhydride (106 mg, 1.69 mmol) successively atroom temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C.for 3 d in a sealed tube. The reaction mixture was then quenched by theaddition of water (15 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate (40 mL×5). The combined organic phases was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 m; MeCN in water (with0.05% TFA), 5% to 28% gradient in 10 min.

Compound 20a:

(28 mg, 8.8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers), HPLC: 95.0%purity, RT=4.24 min. MS: m/z=282.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.10 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz,1H), 7.52-7.44 (m, 2H), 5.76 (br s, 1H), 3.38 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H),2.30 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.53 (m, 5H), 1.41 (m, 1H), 1.17-0.93 (m, 5H);

Compound 20b:

(25 mg, 7.8%, white solid, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.4%purity, RT=2.37 min. MS: m/z=282.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD)δ=9.31 (s, 1H), 7.88 (m, 1H), 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.55 (m, 3H), 5.88 (m,1H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.55 (m, 6H),1.29-1.06 (m, 5H).

Example 211-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine(21a, 21b, 21c, 21d)

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(201 mg, 0.71 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was added ammonium acetate (555mg, 7.20 mmol) and sodium cyanoborhydride (68 mg, 1.08 mmol)successively at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 60° C. for 3 d in a sealed tube. The reaction was thenquenched by the addition of water (15 mL) carefully and the mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×5). The combined organic phases waswashed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by chiral prep-HPLC underthe following conditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 m;ethanol in hexane (with 0.2% diethylamine), 30% isocratic in 17 min.

Compound 21a:

(6 mg, 3%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers), HPLC: 83.7% purity,RT=0.83 min. MS: m/z=283.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=8.42 (dd,J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.43(m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.33-1.02(m, 7H);

Compound 21b:

(7 mg, 3.5%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 86.7% purity,RT=0.78 min. MS: m/z=283.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=8.42 (dd,J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H),7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=9.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H),1.90 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.37-1.04 (m, 6H);

Compound 21c:

(6 mg, 3%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers), HPLC: 89.5% purity,RT=0.78 min. MS: m/z=283.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=8.42 (dd,J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H),7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=9.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H),1.89 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.36-1.05 (m, 6H);

Compound 21d:

(6 mg, 3%, clear oil, containing 2 stereoisomers) HPLC: 83.3% purity,RT=0.83 min. MS: m/z=283.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ=8.42 (dd,J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.43(m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.34-1.03(m, 7H).

Example 221-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(22a, 22b, 22c, 22d)

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 116 mg, 2.90 mmol) in THF (10mL) was added a solution of dimethyl[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate (Intermediate D, 715mg, 2.65 mmol) in THF (5 mL) slowly at 0° C. After stirring foradditional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was added by a solutionof 3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (1 g,2.41 mmol) in THF (8 mL) carefully. The resulting reaction mixture wasthen stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched by water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×2).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-oneas yellow oil (1.3 g, 97%, crude yield) which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-3-[3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(1.30 g, 2.32 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was added acetic acid (5 mL)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residuewas dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washedwith sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-oneas yellow solid (400 mg, 53% over two steps). MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in methanol (5mL) was added sodium borohydride (24 mg, 0.63 mmol) slowly at 0° C. Theresulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min. Thereaction was then quenched by the addition of water (30 mL) carefullyand the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). The combinedorganic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified bychiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux,21.2×150 mm, 5 m; EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 27 min.

Compound 22a:

(15 mg, 15%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 98.1% purity,RT=0.80 min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=8.38 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 2H),5.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.81 (br s, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H),2.16-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.36 (m, 6H);

Compound 22b:

(9 mg, 9%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 95.6% purity, RT=1.52min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=8.37 (d, J=4.2 Hz,1H), 7.96 (br s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 2H), 5.32(t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (br s, 1H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.16 (m, 4H),1.96 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.54 (m, 6H);

Compound 22c:

(9 mg, 9%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.1% purity,RT=0.79 min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=8.37 (d,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (br s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m,2H), 5.31 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (br s, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.17(m, 4H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.54 (m, 6H);

Compound 22d:

(17 mg, 17%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=0.81 min. MS: m/z=312.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=8.38 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 2H),5.37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.87 (br s, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H),2.16-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.36 (m, 6H).

Example 23 Synthesis of6-fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole(23a and 23b)

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one

To a suspension of sodium hydride (60%, 110 mg, 2.77 mmol) in THF (10mL) was added a solution of dimethyl[2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate (Intermediate E, 668mg, 2.54 mmol) in THF (5 mL) slowly at 0° C. After stirring foradditional 15 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was added by a solutionof 2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde (1 g,2.31 mmol) in THF (8 mL) carefully. The resulting reaction mixture wasthen stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasquenched by water (40 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×2).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-oneas yellow oil (1.2 g, 91%, crude yield) which was used in next stepwithout further purification. MS: m/z=569.3 [M+H]⁺.

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-3-[2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(1.2 g, 2.11 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was added acetic acid (5 mL)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue wasdissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed withsat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-oneas yellow oil (300 mg, 40% over two steps). MS: m/z=327.3[M+H]⁺.

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(300 mg, 0.92 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was added sodium borohydride (70mg, 1.84 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was keptstirring at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched by theaddition of water (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withethyl acetate (50 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 7% gradient) to yield1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-olas yellow solid (350 mg, 83%). MS: m/z=329.1 [M+H]⁺.

6-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

At 0° C., to a solution of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol(200 mg, 0.61 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 mL) was added DAST (147 mg,0.91 mmol) and TEA.3HF (147 mg, 0.91 mmol) successively. The resultingreaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction wasthen quenched by the addition of water (20 mL) carefully and the mixturewas extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL×2). The combined organic phasewas washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removedunder reduced pressure and the residue was purified prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm;acetonitrilein water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 10% to 50% gradient in 10min. Then the two products were separated by chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Gemini-NX C18 Column, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, EtOH in hexane; 20% isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 23a:

(25 mg, 12.5%, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 98.0%purity, RT=1.85 min. MS: m/z=331.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm)δ=7.75 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 5.46 (t,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.14(m, 8H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H);

Compound 23b:

(26 mg, 13%, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.5% purity,RT=3.55 min. MS: m/z=331.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=7.74(s, 1H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=4.8Hz, 1H), 2.41 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.14 (m,8H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H).

Example 24 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(24a, 24b, 24c, 24d)

Methyl 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylate

To a solution of NOBF₄ (1.3 g, 11.13 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) at 0° C. wasadded methyl 2-amino-5-bromopyridine-4-carboxylate (2 g, 8.66 mmol)slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by the addition ofwater (60 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withdicholormethane (50 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was concentrated underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (10% to 30%gradient) to yield methyl 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylate asyellow oil (1.3 g, 64%). MS: m/z=233.9 [M+H]⁺.

Method A Methyl2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylate (2.34 g, 10.0mmol), 4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole(Intermediate A, 8.9 g, 14.85 mmol) and PdAMPHOS (708 mg, 1.0 mmol) inMeCN (100 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixturecooled to room temperature, diluted with water (150 mL) and extractedwith EtOAc (250 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed withbrine and dried over soldium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (10% to 30%gradient) to yield methyl2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carboxylate(3.1 g, 67%) as light yellow solid.

[2-Fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]methanol

To a solution of methyl2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carboxylate(2.00 g, 4.31 mmol) in THF (30 mL) and MeOH (20 mL) at 0° C. was addedsodium borohydride (820 mg, 21.67 mmol) in portions. The resultingmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reactionmixture was quenched by the addition of water (80 mL) carefully and themixture was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL×3). The combined organic phasewas washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified byflash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether (10% to 50%gradient) to yield[2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]methanolas light yellow solid (1.16 g, 62%).

2-Fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde

To a solution of[2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]methanol(620 mg, 1.42 mmol) in chloroform (10 mL) was added manganese dioxide(1.2 g, 13.80 mmol) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was thenstirred 60° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, filtered through a celite pad, and rinsed with chloroform(70 mL×3). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and theresulting residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting withEtOAc in petroleum ether (10% to 25% gradient) to yield2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehydeas yellow oil (272 mg, 44%).

Method B1-Cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

At 0° C., to a suspension of sodium hydride (60% in oil, 55 mg, 1.38mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of dimethylcyclohexanecarbonylphosphonate (Intermediate C, 275 mg, 1.25 mmol) inTHF (5 mL) slowly. After stirring for 15 min at 0° C., the reactionmixture was added to a solution of2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehyde(500 mg, 1.15 mmol) in THF (5 mL) carefully. The resulting reactionmixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reactionmixture was quenched by water (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (80mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried oversodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-oneas yellow oil (590 mg, 93%, crude yield), which was used in next stepwithout further purification.

Method C1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-3-[2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridin-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one(590 mg, 1.09 mmol) in MeOH (9 mL) was added AcOH (3 mL) slowly. Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reducedpressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The resultingmixture was washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL×2) and brine,and then dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 6% gradient) to yield1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-oneas yellow oil (220 mg, 64% over two steps). MS: m/z=300.2 [M+H]⁺.

Method D1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10O-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one (100 mg, 0.34 mmol) in MeOH (8 mL)was added sodium borohydride (18 mg, 0.47 mmol) slowly at 0° C. Theresulting reaction mixture was kept stirring at 0° C. for 30 min. Thereaction mixture was then quenched by the addition of water (30 mL)carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodiumsufate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resultingresidue was purified by chiral prep-HPLC to obtain four enantiomersunder the following conditions: Chiralpak AD-H, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOHin hexane (0.2% DEA), 15% isocratic in 21 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 24a:

(19 mg, 19%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.4% purity,RT=0.73 min. MS: m/z=301.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.45(s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.27 (m, 2H), 5.63 (dd, J=10.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H),3.71-3.65 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.47-1.01 (m,6H);

Compound 24b:

(9 mg, 9%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.2% purity, RT=0.73min. MS: m/z=302.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.41 (s, 1H),7.98 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.54 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),3.49-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.31-0.97 (m,6H);

Compound 24c:

(17 mg, 17%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 98.7% purity,RT=0.74 min. MS: m/z=302.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42(s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.25-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.58 (dd, J=10.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H),3.66-3.59 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.63 (m, 6H), 1.37-0.98 (m,6H);

Compound 24d:

(8 mg, 8%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=1.14min. MS: m/z=302.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.40 (s, 1H),7.99 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.54 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),3.49-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.31-0.95 (m,6H).

Example 25 Synthesis of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(25a, 25b, 25c, 25d)

The compounds were prepared according to the methods describedpreviously.

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH inhexane (0.2% DEA), 10% isocratic in 40 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 25a:

(15 mg, 8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:97.9% purity, RT=3.17 min. MS: m/z=330.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.13-8.08 (m, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J=8.4,0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J=10.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.64 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.33(m, 1H), 1.78-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.12 (m, 8H), 0.87 (s, 6H);

Compound 25b:

(9 mg, 4.5% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:89.9% purity, RT=3.26 min. MS: m/z=330.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.11-8.05 (m, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.4,0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.76 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.26 (m,1H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.14 (m, 8H), 0.86 (s,6H);

Compound 25c:

(17 mg, 9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:96.6% purity, RT=3.16 min. MS: m/z=330.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.14-8.08 (m, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.03 (m, 1H),5.41 (dd, J=10.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.64 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.33 (m, 1H),1.79-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.14 (m, 8H), 0.87 (s, 6H);

Compound 25d:

(9 mg, 4.5% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:100% purity, RT=1.73 min. MS: m/z=330.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.11-8.05 (m, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.4,0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.76 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.26 (m,1H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.14 (m, 8H), 0.86 (s,6H).

Example 26 Synthesis of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(26a and 26b)

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures describedpreviously.

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol was prepared from6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Chiralpak IB, 20×250 mm, 5 m; iPrOH in hexane, 20% isocratic in 18 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 26a:

(28 mg, 15% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 92.0% purity, RT=0.74 min. MS: m/z=338.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.12 (dd, J=8.1, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H),7.06 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (dd, J=10.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.68(m, 1H), 2.44-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.06-1.95 (m, 3H), 1.78-1.64 (m, 4H),1.43-1.26 (m, 3H);

Compound 26b:

(16 mg, 8.6% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 95.2% purity, RT=0.72 min. MS: m/z=338.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) 8=9.07 (s, 1H), 8.34-8.29 (m, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.20 (dd,J=8.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.91 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.42(m, 1H), 2.16-1.99 (m, 3H), 1.90-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.35 (m, 3H).

Example 27 Synthesis of10-fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(27a and 27b)

Method E10-Fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At 0° C., to a suspension of XtalFluor-E (180 mg, 0.80 mmol) indichloromethane (6 mL) was added a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(160 mg, 0.53 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) and TEA.3HF (130 mg, 0.80mmol) successively. The resulting solution was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by theaddition of water (30 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted withdichloromethane (40 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed withbrine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by chiralprep-HPLC to obtain two enantiomeric products under the followingconditions: CHIRALPAK AD-H, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane,30% isocratic in 21 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 27a:

(22 mg, 13.8%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.58 min. MS: m/z=304.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.47(s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.304-7.297 (m, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H),1.60-1.21 (m, 10H);

Compound 27b:

(20 mg, 12.5%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.56 min. MS: m/z=304.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.47(s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.303-7.297 (m, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H),1.60-1.21 (m, 10H).

Example 28 Synthesis of4-[2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-hydroxyethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol(28a, 28b, 28c, 28d)

1-[4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

The compound was prepared from2-fluoro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-4-carbaldehydeand dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method B, C, and D. The compound was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 6%gradient) to yield1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olas yellow solid (56% for three steps). MS: m/z=432.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method F4-[2-[10-Fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-hydroxyethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(200 mg, 0.46 mmol) in methanol (6 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (6 Min water, 2 mL, 12 mmol) slowly. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 50° C. for 20 min. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate(80 mL). The reaction mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20mL×2) and brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLCto obtain four pairs of enantiomeric products under the followingconditions: Gemini-NX C18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN inwater (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 20% to 30% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 28a:

(22 mg, 15%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=1.06 min. MS: m/z=318.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.44 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.86 (m, 3H),1.72-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.05 (m, 5H);

Compound 28b:

(12 mg, 8.2%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 95.0%purity, RT=0.59 min. MS: m/z=318.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.45 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 5.63 (dd, J=10.2, 3.3Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.43 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.24 (m, 1H),2.04-1.95 (m, 3H), 1.87-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.12 (m, 5H);

Compound 28c:

(20 mg, 13.6%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.7%purity, RT=1.14 min. MS: m/z=318.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.44 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 5.59 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (br s, 1H), 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.21 (m, 2H),1.78-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.47 (m, 7H);

Compound 28d:

(13 mg, 8.9%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 100%purity, RT=1.00 min. MS: m/z=318.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.46 (s, 1H), 8.03 (br s, 1H), 7.29 (br s, 2H), 5.66-5.63 (m, 1H),3.94 (br s, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.65 (m,3H), 1.58-1.45 (m, 7H).

Example 29 Synthesis of1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(29a, 29b, 29c, 29d)

1-[Spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-[Spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl (2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate using MethodB, C, and D. The crude product was first purified by prep-HPLC to gettwo pairs of enantiomeric products under the following conditions:Gemini-NX C18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, MeCN in water with 0.05%TFA; 5% to 30% MeCN gradient in 12 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Fourenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALCEL OJ-H, 2×25 cm, 5 μm;EtOH in hexane (0.2% TEA), 10% isocratic in 17 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 29a:

(17 mg, 8.3% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:98.9% purity, RT=2.42 min. MS: m/z=310.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.41 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.05-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.8,5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=9.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.72 (m,1H), 2.50-2.41 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.47-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.96-0.88(m, 2H), 0.28-0.18 (m, 4H);

Compound 29b:

(10 mg, 4.9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:98.1% purity, RT=1.59 min. MS: m/z=310.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.40 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=5.7 Hz,1H), 3.91-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.65(m, 4H), 1.41-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.95-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.28-0.18 (m, 4H);

Compound 29c:

(9 mg, 4.4% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:97.7% purity, RT=1.60 min. MS: m/z=310.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.40 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=5.7 Hz,1H), 3.91-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.65(m, 4H), 1.41-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.95-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.28-0.18 (m, 4H);

Compound 29d:

(15 mg, 7.3% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:96.4% purity, RT=2.63 min. MS: m/z=310.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.41 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.05-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.8,5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=9.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.72 (m,1H), 2.50-2.41 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.47-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.96-0.88(m, 2H), 0.28-0.18 (m, 4H).

Example 30 Synthesis of7-(2-{6-fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(30a and 30b)

7-(2-{6-Fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-(2-{6-Fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: ChiralpakIC, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.2% IPA), 30%isocratic in 30 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 30a:

(16 mg, 15%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.0% purity,RT=1.64 min. MS: m/z=312.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.44-8.43 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H),5.39 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.75(m, 4H), 1.59-1.29 (m, 4H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H), 0.29-0.18 (m, 4H);

Compound 30b:

(15 mg, 14%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.2% purity,RT=1.64 min. MS: m/z=312.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.44-8.43 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H),5.39 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.75(m, 4H), 1.59-1.29 (m, 4H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H), 0.29-0.18 (m, 4H).

Example 31 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(31a and 31b)

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-fluoro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NXC18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA); 15% to 30%gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 31a:

(18 mg, 15% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 93.1% purity, RT=2.67 min. MS: m/z=302.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 8.20 (dd, J=8.4, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H),7.11 (dd, J=8.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (dd, J=9.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.50(m, 1H), 2.46-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.64 (m, 4H),1.39-0.98 (m, 6H);

Compound 31b:

(12 mg, 10% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 94.3% purity, RT=2.72 min. MS: m/z=302.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.61 (s, 1H), 8.21 (dd, J=8.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H),7.12 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.77 (m, 1H),2.41-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.34-1.01 (m,6H).

Example 32 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(32a and 32b)

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAKAD-H, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.2% DEA);20% isocratic in 6 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 32a:

(17 mg, 15%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 94.1% purity,RT=2.66 min. MS: m/z=316.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.07(br s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (br s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 5.27 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.22 (m, 2H), 1.75 (brs, 2H), 1.57-1.25 (m, 10H);

Compound 32b:

(15 mg, 13%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 91.2% purity,RT=1.85 min. MS: m/z=316.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.08(br s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (br s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 5.27 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.22 (m, 2H), 1.75 (brs, 2H), 1.57-1.25 (m, 10H).

Example 33 Synthesis of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(33a and 33b)

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-methoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl](methylidene)phosphonite usingMethod B, C, and D. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Chiralpak IB, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane; 20%isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 33a:

(26 mg, 18% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 96.4% purity, RT=2.68 min. MS: m/z=350.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.81(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s,3H), 2.29-1.92 (m, 5H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.49-1.41 (m, 3H);

Compound 33b:

(10 mg, 6.9% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.3% purity, RT=1.56 min. MS: m/z=350.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.81(d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dd, J=5.7, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.76(m, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.88-1.63 (m, 4H),1.50-1.38 (m, 3H).

Example 34 Synthesis of10-methoxy-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(34a and 34b)

10-Methoxy-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

10-Methoxy-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol using Method E. The crude productwas first purified by prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Atlantisprep T3 OBD column, 19×150 mm, 5 jim; MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA);10% to 25% gradient in 10 min. Two enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane; 30% isocratic in 33 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 34a:

(17 mg, 12%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.4% purity,RT=1.66 min. MS: m/z=352.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.95(s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H),5.24 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.92 (m,6H), 1.78-1.42 (m, 4H);

Compound 34b:

(15 mg, 10.6%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.1% purity,RT=1.67 min. MS: m/z=352.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99(s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H),5.25 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.92 (m,6H), 1.78-1.42 (m, 4H).

Example 35 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-(9-fluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol(35a, 35b, 35c, 35d)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-(9-fluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol

4-Fluoro-4-(2-(9-fluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanolwas prepared from3-fluoro-2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method B, C, D, and H. The four enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5μm; EtOH in hexane, 20% isocratic in 39 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 35a:

(18 mg, 6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.2%purity, RT=1.01 min. MS: m/z=319.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.53(t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (br s, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.16 (m,1H), 1.80-1.47 (m, 6H), 1.35-1.21 (m, 4H);

Compound 35b:

(17 mg, 5.7% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.4% purity, RT=1.00 min. MS: m/z=319.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H),5.53 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (br s, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.16(m, 1H), 1.80-1.47 (m, 6H), 1.35-1.21 (m, 4H);

Compound 35c:

(9 mg, 3% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.4%purity, RT=0.93 min. MS: m/z=319.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.52(t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.16 (m,1H), 1.86-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 3H);

Compound 35d:

(9 mg, 3% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.5%purity, RT=0.94 min. MS: m/z=319.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.52(t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.16 (m,1H), 1.86-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 3H).

Example 36 Synthesis of9-fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole (36aand 36b)

9-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

9-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole wasprepared from 2-bromo-3-fluorobenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, D, and E. Twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 m;EtOH in hexane (with 0.2% IPA), 5% EtOH isocratic in 30 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 36a:

(18 mg, 8.3% for five steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 95.3% purity, RT=1.31 min. MS: m/z=303.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.14(s, 1H), 5.51 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H),1.77-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.41 (m, 6H), 1.37-1.16 (m, 4H);

Compound 36b:

(17 mg, 7.8% for five steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 91.8% purity, RT=1.86 min. MS: m/z=303.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.14(s, 1H), 5.51 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H),1.77-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.41 (m, 6H), 1.37-1.16 (m, 4H).

Example 37 Synthesis of6,9-difluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole(37a and 37b)

2-Bromo-3,6-difluorobenzaldehyde

To a solution of 2-bromo-1,4-difluorobenzene (1 g, 5.18 mmol) in THF (25mL) was added LDA solution (2 M in THF, 2.9 mL, 5.8 mmol) dropwise at−78° C. After stirring for 1 h at −78° C., DMF (0.441 mL, 6.03 mmol) wasadded dropwise and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C.for additional 30 min. The reaction was quenched by sat. NH₄Cl solution(40 mL) carefully and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (80 mL×2).The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield2-bromo-3,6-difluorobenzaldehyde as light brown solid (1.05 g, 92%,crude yield) which was used in next step without further purification.

6,9-Difluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

6,9-Difluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindolewas prepared from 2-bromo-3,6-difluorobenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, D, and E. Twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH in hexane, 10% isocratic in 17 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 37a:

(13 mg, 4.2% for five steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:90.7% purity, RT=2.39 min. MS: m/z=321.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.98 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H),5.69 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.64(m, 2H), 1.55-1.36 (m, 6H), 1.29-1.11 (m, 4H);

Compound 37b:

(11 mg, 3.5% for five steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.68 min. MS: m/z=321.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.98 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H),5.69 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.64(m, 2H), 1.55-1.36 (m, 6H), 1.29-1.11 (m, 4H).

Example 38 Synthesis of4-(2-(6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexanol(38a, 38b, 38c, 38d)

4-(2-(6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexanol

4-(2-(6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexanolwas prepared from3,6-difluoro-2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method B, C, D, H, and I. Four enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separationon chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH inhexane (with 0.2% DEA), 40% isocratic in 20 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 38a:

(16 mg, 5% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=0.89 min. MS: m/z=337.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.71(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (br s, 1H), 2.52-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m,1H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.61-1.42 (m, 5H), 1.30-1.11 (m, 2H);

Compound 38b:

(15 mg, 4.7% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.7% purity, RT=0.90 min. MS: m/z=337.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 1H),5.71 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (br s, 1H), 2.52-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21(m, 1H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.61-1.42 (m, 5H), 1.30-1.11 (m, 2H);

Compound 38c:

(10 mg, 3.1% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.1% purity, RT=0.86 min. MS: m/z=337.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H),5.70 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.20(m, 1H), 1.82-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.36 (m, 3H), 1.25-1.12 (m, 3H);

Compound 38d:

(11 mg, 3.4% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.0% purity, RT=0.83 min. MS: m/z=337.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H),5.70 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.20(m, 1H), 1.82-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.36 (m, 3H), 1.25-1.12 (m, 3H).

Example 39 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(39a and 39b)

3-Bromo-6-methoxy-2-methylpyridine 1-oxide

To a solution of 3-bromo-6-methoxy-2-methylpyridine (5 g, 24.75 mmol) inchloroform (100 mL) was added mCPBA (8.52 g, 49.37 mmol) in portions at0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d. Thereaction mixture was then diluted with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (200 mL) andwas extracted with dichloromethane (250 mL×2). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 5%gradient) to yield 3-bromo-6-methoxy-2-methylpyridine 1-oxide as yellowsolid (2.8 g, 52%). MS: m/z=217.9 [M+H]⁺.

(3-Bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl acetate

A mixture of 3-bromo-6-methoxy-2-methylpyridine 1-oxide (2.8 g, 12.84mmol) in acetic anhydride (20 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 3 h. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether (1% to 5% gradient) to yield(3-bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl acetate as yellow oil (2.03 g,61%). MS: m/z=259.9 [M+H]⁺.

(3-Bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methanol

To a solution of (3-bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl acetate (3.1 g,11.92 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was added potassium carbonate (2.47 g,17.88 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was then stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (150mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (250 mL×2). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure to yield(3-bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methanol as yellow oil (2.35 g, 90%,crude yield) which was used in the next step without furtherpurification. MS: m/z=217.8 [M+H]⁺.

3-Bromo-6-methoxypyridine-2-carbaldehyde

To a solution of (3-bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methanol (500 mg, 2.29mmol) in chloroform (15 mL) was added manganese dioxide (1.4 g, 16.10mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 16 h. Thereaction was filtered through celite and washed with dichloromethane (50mL×4). The combined organic phase was concentrated under reducedpressure to yield 3-bromo-6-methoxypyridine-2-carbaldehyde as yellowsolid (460 mg, 93%, crude yield) which was used in the next step withoutfurther purification. MS: m/z=215.8 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol was prepared from3-bromo-6-methoxypyridine-2-carbaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, and D. Twopairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IB, 20×250 mm, 5 m;mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane; 10% isocratic in 20 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 39a:

(26 mg, 9.2% for four steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 98.8% purity, RT=2.93 min. MS: m/z=314.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (br s, 1H),6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.98(s, 3H), 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.88 (m, 1H),1.78-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.07 (m, 6H);

Compound 39b:

(9 mg, 3.8% for four steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 96.6% purity, RT=2.88 min. MS: m/z=314.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.81(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=9.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.66(m, 1H), 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.65 (m, 5H),1.42-1.01 (m, 6H).

Example 40 Synthesis of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(40a and 40b)

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-methoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NXC18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA); 25% to 35%gradient in 15 min.

Compound 40a:

(19 mg, 11% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 99.6% purity, RT=1.79 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.07 (br s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H),6.95 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.69-5.67 (m, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.47 (m,1H), 2.59-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.54(m, 1H), 1.47-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.20 (m, 5H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s,3H);

Compound 40b:

(13 mg, 7.5% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 98.7% purity, RT=3.47 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.12 (s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 6.95(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59-5.56 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H),2.50-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.55 (m,1H), 1.46-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.31 (m, 3H), 1.27-1.24 (m, 2H), 0.92 (s,6H).

Example 41 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-(9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol(41a and 41b)

2-Bromo-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

To a solution of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.5 g, 7.46 mmol) inacetone (20 mL) was added potassium carbonate (2.01 g, 14.54 mmol) at 0°C., followed by the addition of methyl iodide (0.7 mL, 11.24 mmol)carefully. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water (150 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (150 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washedwith brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield 2-bromo-3-methoxybenzaldehyde as yellow solid(1.5 g, 93%, crude yield) which was used in next step without furtherpurification. MS: m/z=214.8 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-(9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanol

4-Fluoro-4-(2-(9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-5-yl)ethyl)cyclohexanolwas prepared from 2-bromo-3-methoxybenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole and dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method A, B, C, D, H, and I. Two pairs of enantiomeric productswere obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water(with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 30% to 45% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 41a:

(17 mg, 7.2% for six steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 99.95% purity, RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=331.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.84 (s, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.1, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04-6.98 (m,2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.42 (m,1H), 2.38-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.37(m, 3H), 1.31-1.12 (m, 3H);

Compound 41b:

(10 mg, 4.2% for six steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=1.28 min. MS: m/z=331.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.85 (s, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 3H),5.39 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.84 (br s, 1H), 2.39-2.29 (m,1H), 2.19-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.44 (m, 4H), 1.30-1.13(m, 2H).

Example 42 Synthesis of5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole(42a and 42b)

5-(2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

5-(2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole wasprepared from3-methoxy-2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl (2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method B, C, D, andE. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane (with 0.2%DEA), 15% isocratic in 32 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 42a:

(13 mg, 5.5% for four steps, off-white solid, single stereoisomer),HPLC: 98.7% purity, RT=1.36 min. MS: m/z=315.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.84 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.03-6.97 (m, 3H),5.39-5.37 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.08 (m, 1H),1.72-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.33 (m, 6H), 1.30-1.11 (m, 4H);

Compound 42b:

(13 mg, 5.5% for four steps, off-white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.4% purity, RT=1.37 min. MS: m/z=315.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.84 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.03-6.97 (m, 3H), 5.39-5.37 (m,1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.64 (m,2H), 1.57-1.33 (m, 6H), 1.30-1.11 (m, 4H).

Example 43 Synthesis of5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-9-ol (43a and43b)

5-(2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-9-ol

5-(2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-9-ol wasprepared from3-(benzyloxy)-2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl (2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method B, C, D, E,and J. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation onchiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak AD-H, 20×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 15% isocratic in 25 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 43a:

(16 mg, 2.6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.65 min. MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.81 (s, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.1, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 6.90(d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.36-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.38 (m,6H), 1.28-1.12 (m, 4H);

Compound 43b:

(14 mg, 2.3% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.63 min. MS: m/z=301.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.81 (s, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.1, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 6.90(d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.36-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.38 (m,6H), 1.28-1.12 (m, 4H).

Example 44 Synthesis of5-(2-(1-fluoro-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-9-ol(44a and 44b)

3-(Benzyloxy)-2-bromobenzaldehyde

To a solution of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1 g, 4.97 mmol) inacetone (20 mL) was added potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 9.99 mmol) at 0°C., followed by the addition of benzylbromide (1.02 g, 5.96 mmol)carefully. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (150 mL) andextracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL×3). The combined organic phase waswashed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removedunder reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (5% to 15%gradient) to yield 3-(benzyloxy)-2-bromobenzaldehyde as white solid (1.3g, 90%).

9-(Benzyloxy)-5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

9-(Benzyloxy)-5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindolewas prepared from 3-(benzyloxy)-2-bromobenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method A, B, C, D, and H. The crude product was purified by flashchromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (0% to 4% gradient) to yield9-(Benzyloxy)-5-(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-fluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindoleas yellow oil (1.5 g, 23% for five steps). MS: m/z=521.4 [M+H]⁺.

5-(2-(1-Fluoro-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl)-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindol-9-ol

To a solution of9-(benzyloxy)-5-(2-{4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-fluorocyclohexyl}ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(400 mg, 0.75 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) in a pressure tank was addedPdCl₂ (200 mg, 1.15 mmol) under N₂ atmosphere. The pressure tank wasvacuumed and flushed with H₂. The mixture was then stirred at 80° C.under H₂ atmosphere (40 atm) for 3 d. When the reaction was done, thereaction suspension was filtered through a celite pad, which wasrinseded with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure and the residue was first purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (5% to 15%gradient), and then the cis- and trans-product mixtures were obtained bythe separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NX 5uC18, 110A, AXIA Packed, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 20% to 40% gradient in 12 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 44a:

(15 mg, 6.2%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers), HPLC: 99.8%purity, RT=1.18 min. MS: m/z=317.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.84 (br s, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (br s, 1H), 6.90 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.43(m, 1H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.66 (m, 4H),1.55-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.30-1.16 (m, 3H);

Compound 44b:

(12 mg, 5%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.4%purity, RT=1.27 min. MS: m/z=317.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.88 (br s, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (br s, 1H), 6.91 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (brs, 1H), 2.39-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 3H),1.60-1.44 (m, 5H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 2H).

Example 45 Synthesis of6-fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole(45a and 45b)

2-Bromo-6-fluoro-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

To a solution of 2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-methoxybenzene (4 g, 19.51 mmol) inTHF (80 mL) was added LDA solution (2 M in THF, 10.7 mL, 21.4 mmol)slowly at −78° C. After stirring for 15 min at −78° C., anhydrous DMF(4.5 mL, 58.15 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min period and theresulting reaction mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at −20° C. Thereaction mixture was quenched by sat. ammonium chloride solution (80 mL)carefully and was extracted with ethyl acetate (120 mL×3). The combinedorganic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield2-bromo-6-fluoro-3-methoxybenzaldehyde as light yellow solid (4.27 g,94%, crude yield) which was used in next step without furtherpurification.

6-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole

6-Fluoro-5-(2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl)-9-methoxy-5H-imidazo[5,1-a]isoindolewas prepared from 2-bromo-6-fluoro-3-methoxybenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, D, and E. Twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH in hexane (with 0.2% DEA), 15% EtOHisocratic in 16 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 45a:

(15 mg, 4.5% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.72 min. MS: m/z=333.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 3H), 5.66-5.65 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H),2.48-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.40 (m,6H), 1.32-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 45b:

(12 mg, 3.6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.99% purity, RT=1.73 min. MS: m/z=333.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 3H), 5.65 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H),3.97 (s, 3H), 2.48-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.68 (m, 2H),1.58-1.40 (m, 6H), 1.32-1.10 (m, 4H).

Example 46 Synthesis of10-fluoro-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

10-Fluoro-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

10-Fluoro-7-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. One pair of enantiomeric products was obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NX 5uC18, 110A, AXIA Packed, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 0.05%TFA); 15% to 45% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 46:

(15 mg, 18%, white solid, containing two stereoisomers), HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=1.73 min. MS: m/z=340.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=9.21 (br s, 1H), 8.36 (dd, J=8.4, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (br s, 1H), 7.24(dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.32 (m, 2H),2.06-1.90 (m, 6H), 1.79-1.56 (m, 4H).

Example 47 Synthesis of4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

7-[2-[4-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]ethenyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

To a solution of1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(360 mg, 0.87 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added DAST (281 mg,1.74 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h. The reaction was then quenched with water (40 mL)and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL×2). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield7-[2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]ethenyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaeneas yellow solid (190 mg, 55%). MS: m/z=396.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[4,6,9-Triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

4-(2-[4,6,9-Triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-olwas prepared from7-[2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]ethenyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaeneusing Method F and J. The cis- and trans-product mixtures were obtainedby the separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NXC18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA); 5% to 30%gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 47:

(15 mg, 10% for two steps, colorless oil, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 94.6% purity, RT=0.48 min. MS: m/z=284.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz,1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.35 (t,J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.14 (m, 1H),1.87-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.05 (m, 3H), 0.98-0.83 (m,4H);

Example 48 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(48a and 48b)

7-[2-(1-Fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(1-Fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-oneusing Method D and E. The crude product was first purified by prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: Gemini-NX C18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 prm;mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 20% to 25% gradient in15 min. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation onchiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK AD-H,21.2×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 20% isocratic in 15min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 48a:

(17 mg, 8.5% for two steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer),HPLC: 100% purity, RT=1.65 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.29(m, 2H), 5.21 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.17 (m, 1H),1.76-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 6H), 1.19-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.93 (s, 3H),0.84 (s, 3H);

Compound 48b:

(15 mg, 7.5% for two steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.8% purity, RT=1.66 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=4.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.29 (m,2H), 5.21 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.23 (br s, 2H),1.76-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 6H), 1.19-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.93 (s, 3H),0.84 (s, 3H).

Example 49 Synthesis of7-[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(49)

7-[2-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method L and J. One pair of enantiomeric products was obtained bythe separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NXC18, 21.2×150 mm, 5 jim; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA),20% to 40% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 49:

(23 mg, 13.5% for two steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 97.4% purity, RT=1.51 min. MS: m/z=303.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.92 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (dd,J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.58 (m, 4H),1.37-1.12 (m, 5H).

Example 50 Synthesis of7-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(50)

7-(2-Cyclohexylethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

The compound was prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol using Method L and J. One pair ofenantiomeric products was obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC underthe following conditions: Atlantis Prep T3 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm;mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA), 18% to 40% gradient in 15min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 50:

(18 mg, 12% for two steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 91.0% purity, RT=1.64 min. MS: m/z=268.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.80 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (t,J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.61 (m, 5H),1.28-1.09 (m, 6H), 0.90-0.81 (m, 2H).

Example 51 Synthesis of7-[2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(51)

7-[2-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

The compound was prepared from1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol using Method L and J. One pair ofenantiomeric products was obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC underthe following conditions: Atlantis Prep T3 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm;mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA), 10% to 30% gradient in 10min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 51:

(20 mg, 14% for two steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers),HPLC: 99.4% purity, RT=1.74 min. MS: m/z=296.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.84 (br s, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (br s, 1H),2.42-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.49 (br s, 2H), 1.36-1.32 (m,2H), 1.20-1.01 (m, 7H), 0.87 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H).

Example 52 Synthesis of2-[10-chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol(52a, 52b, and 52c)

Methyl 3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate

To a solution of 3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (1 g, 4.23mmol) in methanol (25 mL) was added one drop of concentrated H₂SO₄. Theresulting mixture was then stirred at 70° C. for 16 h. The reactionmixture was diluted with water (80 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate(80 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, and driedover sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethylacetate in petroleum ether (5% to 30% gradient) to yield methyl3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate as light yellow solid (870 mg,82%). MS: m/z=249.8 [M+H]⁺.

(3-Bromo-6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methanol

At 0° C., to a solution of methyl 3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate(700 mg, 2.81 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was added sodium borohydride(534 mg, 14.06 mmol) in portions. The resulting mixture was then stirredroom temperature for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with water (80 mL)carefully and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×3).The combined organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether (25% to 60% gradient) to yield(3-bromo-6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methanol as light yellow oil (395 mg,64%). MS: m/z=221.8 [M+H]⁺.

3-Bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carbaldehyde

To a solution of (3-bromo-6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methanol (600 mg, 2.71mmol) in chloroform (20 mL) was added manganese dioxide (2.36 g, 27.15mmol) carefully at room temperature. The resulting mixture was thenstirred at 65° C. for 16 h. The reaction was filtered through a celitepad, which was rinsed with dichloromethane (30 mL×4). The combinedfiltrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carbaldehyde as light yellow solid (510 mg,86%, crude yield) which was used in the next step without furtherpurification.

2-[10-Chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol

2-[10-Chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-olwere prepared from 3-bromo-6-chloropyridine-2-carbaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole and dimethyl[2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method A, B, C,and D. One pair of enantiomeric products and two enantiomeric productswere obtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Chiralpak IC, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane(with 0.2% IPA), 30% isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 52a:

(20 mg, 6.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:92.4% purity, RT=2.65 min. MS: m/z=353.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.06 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 5.36 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.03 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.13(m, 4H), 2.02-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.40 (m, 3H);

Compound 52b:

(9 mg, 2.9% for four steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 91.7% purity, RT=2.57 min. MS: m/z=353.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d₆, ppm) δ=8.13-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H),5.45 (dd, J=10.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.70 (m,1H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.61 (m, 7H), 1.45-1.23 (m, 3H);

Compound 52c:

(20 mg, 6.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:92.4% purity, RT=2.65 min. MS: m/z=354.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=8.13 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.34 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08-4.03 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.13 (m,4H), 2.02-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.40 (m, 3H).

Example 53 Synthesis of2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethan-1-ol(53a, 53b, 53c)

2-[10-Methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethan-1-ol

2-[10-Methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethan-1-olwere prepared from6-methoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl (2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. One pair of enantiomeric products and twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IC, 20×250 mm, 5jtm; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane; 25% isocratic in 23 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 53a:

(12 mg, 5.8% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 97.2% purity, RT=1.35 min. MS: m/z=340.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.96 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.75(m, 1H), 2.46-2.38 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.47-1.41 (m, 1H),1.31-1.25 (m, 2H), 0.96-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.27-0.19 (m, 4H);

Compound 53b:

(10 mg, 4.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:96.7% purity, RT=1.34 min. MS: m/z=340.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H),2.30-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.25 (m,3H), 0.97-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.29-0.18 (m, 4H);

Compound 53c:

(14 mg, 6.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:94.0% purity, RT=1.77 min. MS: m/z=340.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H),2.30-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.67 (m,3H), 1.42-1.25 (m, 3H), 0.97-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.29-0.18 (m, 4H).

Example 54 Synthesis of7-(2-{6-fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(54a and 54b)

7-(2-{6-Fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-(2-{6-Fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl}ethyl)-10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewere prepared from2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 m; mobilephase, EtOH in hexane, 20% isocratic in 17 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 54a:

(18 mg, 11%, colorless oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.84 min. MS: m/z=342.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.96(s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),5.26 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m,4H), 1.61-1.36 (m, 4H), 0.88-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.31-0.20 (m, 4H);

Compound 54b:

(16 mg, 9.8%, colorless oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.83 min. MS: m/z=342.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.96(s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),5.26 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m,4H), 1.61-1.36 (m, 4H), 0.88-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.31-0.20 (m, 4H).

Example 55 Synthesis of2-[10-chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-cyclohexylethan-1-ol(55a, 55b, 55c, and 55d)

2-[10-Chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-cyclohexylethan-1-ol

2-[10-Chloro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-cyclohexylethan-1-olwere prepared from6-chloro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl (2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method B, C, andD. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 20%isocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 55a:

(27 mg, 9.6% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:98.6% purity, RT=2.64 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.08 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.28 (s, 1H), 5.36 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.77 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.31 (m,1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.65 (m, 5H), 1.37-1.19 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.04(m, 2H);

Compound 55b:

(9 mg, 3.2% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.2% purity, RT=2.58 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.02 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.31 (s, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=10.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.61 (m, 1H),2.46-2.38 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.32 (m,1H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.12-1.05 (m, 2H);

Compound 55c:

(25 mg, 8.9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.7% purity, RT=1.65 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.08 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.28 (s, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.77 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.31 (m,1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.65 (m, 5H), 1.37-1.19 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.04(m, 2H);

Compound 55d:

(8 mg, 2.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.5% purity, RT=1.63 min. MS: m/z=318.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.02 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.31 (s, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=10.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.61 (m, 1H),2.46-2.38 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.32 (m,1H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 3H), 1.12-1.05 (m, 2H).

Example 56 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(56a, 56b, 56c)

3,6-Dibromo-2-(dibromomethyl)pyridine

To a solution of 3,6-dibromo-2-methylpyridine (498 mg, 1.98 mmol) incarbon tetrachloride (10 mL) was added NBS (712 mg, 4.00 mmol), AIBN (66mg, 0.40 mmol) successively at room temperature. The resulting mixturewas then stirred at 70° C. for 16 h. The insoluable solids in thereaction mixture were removed by filtration and rinsed withdichloromethane (20 mL×3). The combined filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (5% to 15% gradient) toyield 3,6-dibromo-2-(dibromomethyl)pyridine as light yellow oil (610 mg,75%). MS: m/z=409.6 [M+H]⁺.

3,6-Dibromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde

To a solution of 3,6-dibromo-2-(dibromomethyl)pyridine (610 mg, 1.49mmol mmol) in ethanol (7.5 mL) was added silver nitrate (640 mg, 3.77mmol) and water (2 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture wasthen stirred at 80° C. for 5 h. The insoluable solids in the reactionmixture were removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with water(30 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether (5% to 20% gradient) to yield3,6-dibromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde as white solid (300 mg, 76%). MS:m/z=263.8 [M+H]⁺.

3,6-Dibromo-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine

To a solution of 3,6-dibromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde (2.8 g, 10.57 mmolmmol) in toluene (50 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diol (1.65 g, 26.58 mmol)and PTSA (917 mg, 5.33 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixturewas then stirred at 110° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith water (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (120 mL×3). Thecombined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate inpetroleum ether (10% to 25% gradient) to yield3,6-dibromo-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine as light yellow oil (2.9 g,89%). MS: m/z=307.9 [M+H]⁺.

3-Bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine

To a solution of zinc chloride (1 M, 4 mL, 4.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran(10 mL) was added bromo(cyclopropyl)magnesium (0.5 M, 10 mL, 5.0 mmol)dropwise at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 30min, a solution of 3,6-dibromo-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine (1 g, 3.24mmol) in THF (5 mL) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (135 mg, 0.17 mmol) wereadded successively. The resulting mixture was kept stirring for 16 h atroom temperature. The reaction was then quenched with water (60 mL) andthe mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (80 mL×3). The combinedorganic phase was washed with brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby flash chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether(3% to 10% gradient) to yield3-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine as light yellow oil(600 mg, 69%). MS: m/z=269.9 [M+H]⁺.

3-Bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine

A mixture of 3-bromo-6-cyclopropyl-2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)pyridine (700mg, 2.59 mmol mmol) in aqueous solution of HCl (6 M, 7 mL) was stirredat 40° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then neutralized with sat.sodium bicarbonate solution carefully and was extracted with ethylacetate (60 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washed with brine anddried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith ethyl cetate in petroleum ether (5% to 20% gradient) to yield3-bromo-6-cyclopropylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde as light yellow solid (550mg, 94%).

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol was prepared from3-bromo-6-cyclopropylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, and D. Onepair of enantiomeric products and two enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Chiralpak IC, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH inhexane, 20% isocratic in 36 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 56a:

(12 mg, 5.6% for four steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.8% purity, RT=1.72 min. MS: m/z=324.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) 8=8.03 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.17(d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.89 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.06(m, 3H), 1.89-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.53-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.11 (m, 4H),1.09-1.04 (m, 5H);

Compound 56b:

(9 mg, 4.2% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:98.1% purity, RT=1.74 min. MS: m/z=324.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=7.88 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.18 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (dd, J=9.0, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.78 (m, 1H),2.42-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.89 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.42 (m,1H), 1.31-1.14 (m, 3H), 1.09-0.98 (m, 6H);

Compound 56c:

(9 mg, 4.2% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.76 min. MS: m/z=324.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.19 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=9.0, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.79 (m, 1H),2.42-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.89 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.42 (m,1H), 1.31-1.14 (m, 3H), 1.09-0.98 (m, 6H).

Example 57 Synthesis of2-[10-cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol(57a, 57b, 57c)

2-[10-Cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol

2-[10-Cyclopropyl-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-cyclopropyl-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. One pair of enantiomeric products and twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IC, 20×250 mm, 5jim; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane; 20% isocratic in 40 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 57a:

(15 mg, 6.4% for three steps, white solid, containing two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.2% purity, RT=1.68 min. MS: m/z=360.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.05 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.20(d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=8.7, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06-4.02 (m, 1H),2.25-1.93 (m, 6H), 1.78-1.49 (m, 6H), 1.07-1.04 (m, 4H);

Compound 57b:

(8 mg, 3.4% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.5% purity, RT=1.70 min. MS: m/z=360.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=7.89 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=9.0, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.83 (m, 1H),2.49-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.53 (m,4H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 4H);

Compound 57c:

(9 mg, 3.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.7% purity, RT=1.70 min. MS: m/z=360.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=7.83 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88-3.82 (m, 1H),2.49-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.53 (m,4H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 4H).

Example 58 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-[2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol(58a, b, c, d)

4-Fluoro-4-[2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-ol

4-Fluoro-4-[2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexan-1-olwas prepared from1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[10-fluoro-4,6,11-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol using Method H and I. Fourenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 m;EtOH in hexane, 40% isocratic in 20 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 58a:

(19 mg, 3.7% for two steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.7% purity, RT=1.14 min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.45 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H),5.56 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.16(m, 1H), 1.88-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.42 (m, 3H),1.38-1.23 (m, 3H);

Compound 58b:

(14 mg, 2.7% for two steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.97% purity, RT=1.14 min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.45 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25(s, 1H), 5.56 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.36 (m, 1H),2.28-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.42 (m,3H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 3H);

Compound 58c:

(18.7 mg, 3.6% for two steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.23 min. MS: m/z=320.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.45 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H),5.57 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (br s, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17(m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.26 (m, 2H);

Compound 58d:

(21 mg, 4.1% for two steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=320.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.45 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H),5.57 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (br s, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17(m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.26 (m, 2H).

Example 59 Synthesis of[4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]methanol(Compound 59a, b, c, d)

Method N[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]methanol

To a solution of methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(400 mg, 1.11 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LiAlH₄ (88.8 mg, 2.34 mmol)slowly at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 2 h. Then the reaction mixture was quenched with water (15 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (40 mL×4). The organic phases were combined, washedwith brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith methanol in dichloromethane (2% to 5% gradient). Four enantiomericproducts were obtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed,21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 40% isocratic in 30 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 59a:

(14.8 mg, 3.9%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=315.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.39 (m,1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.31(m, 2H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.70 (m, 4H),1.58-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.89 (m, 2H);

Compound 59b:

(11.1 mg, 2.9%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.23 min. MS: m/z=315.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90(s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.42 (br s, 1H), 3.32-3.31 (m,2H), 2.40-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.57(m, 2H), 1.40-1.16 (m, 7H);

Compound 59c:

(13.3 mg, 3.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=320.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.39 (m,1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.31(m, 2H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.70 (m, 4H),1.58-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.89 (m, 2H);

Compound 59d:

(17.3 mg, 4.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=1.23 min. MS: m/z=315.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90(s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.42 (br s, 1H), 3.32-3.31 (m,2H), 2.40-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.57(m, 2H), 1.40-1.16 (m, 7H).

Example 60 Synthesis of1-[4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol(60a, b, c, d)

Method O1-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol

At 0° C., to a solution of methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(500 mg, 1.39 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added Ti(OiPr)₄ (1.2 g, 4.01mmol) slowly, followed by the dropwise addition of EtMgBr (1 M in THF,8.3 mL, 8.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was then stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. Then the reaction mixture was quenched with water(15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL×4). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (2% to 5%gradient). Cis- and trans-isomers were separated on prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: XBridge BEH C18 OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm;mobile phase, acetonitrile in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 40% to 45%gradient in 13 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Four enantiomeric productswere obtained by the further separation on chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed,21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 40% isocratic in 30 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 60a:

(10.7 mg, 4.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.9% purity,RT=1.04 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.11(s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.33 (m,2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.15(m, 1H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.39-1.17 (m, 4H),0.98-0.86 (m, 1H), 0.61-0.58 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.38 (m, 2H);

Compound 60b:

(12.6 mg, 5.3%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.9% purity,RT=1.04 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99(s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.31 (m,2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.12(m, 1H), 1.90-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.09 (m, 6H),0.99-0.91 (m, 1H), 0.58-0.54 (m, 2H), 0.37-0.34 (m, 2H);

Compound 60c:

(13.1 mg, 5.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 96.2% purity,RT=1.00 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.11(s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.33 (m,2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.15(m, 1H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.39-1.17 (m, 4H),0.98-0.86 (m, 1H), 0.61-0.58 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.38 (m, 2H);

Compound 60d:

(15.3 mg, 6.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.2% purity,RT=1.04 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99(s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.31 (m,2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.12(m, 1H), 1.90-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.09 (m, 6H),0.99-0.91 (m, 1H), 0.58-0.54 (m, 2H), 0.37-0.34 (m, 2H).

Example 61 Synthesis of2-[4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]propan-2-ol(61a, b, c, d)

Method P2-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]propan-2-ol

At 0° C., to a solution of methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(360 mg, 1.01 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added CH₃MgBr (1 M in THF, 10 mL,10 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 2 h. Then the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammoniumchloride solution (25 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×4).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried oversodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with methanol indichloromethane (2% to 5% gradient). Then cis- and trans-isomers wereseparated on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBDPrep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 31% to 34% gradient in 14 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Fourenantiomeric products were obtained by the further separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5 μlCellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 40%isocratic in 30 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 61a:

(19.1 mg, 5.3%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.34 min. MS: m/z=343.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.91(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.34(m, 1H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.71 (m, 2H),1.58-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.02 (s, 6H), 0.89-0.75 (m, 2H);

Compound 61b:

(13.7 mg, 3.8%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=1.35 min. MS: m/z=343.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.42 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.34(m, 1H), 2.21-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.63 (m, 2H),1.38-1.15 (m, 7H), 1.11 (s, 6H);

Compound 61c:

(12.3 mg, 3.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.4% purity,RT=1.36 min. MS: m/z=343.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.42 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.34(m, 1H), 2.21-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.63 (m, 2H),1.38-1.15 (m, 7H), 1.11 (s, 6H);

Compound 61d:

(25.1 mg, 7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.35 min. MS: m/z=343.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.91(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m,1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.34(m, 1H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.71 (m, 2H),1.58-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.02 (s, 6H), 0.89-0.75 (m, 2H).

Example 62 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-3-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]propan-2-ol(62a, b, c, d)

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]propan-2-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-3-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]propan-2-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl (3-cyclohexyl-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate using Method B, C, and D.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 38min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 62a:

(13.3 mg, 8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.8% purity, RT=1.41 min. MS: m/z=298.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) 8=8.39 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz,1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),4.15-4.10 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.75 (m,1H), 1.69-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 4H), 0.99-0.82(m, 2H);

Compound 62b:

(6 mg, 3.6% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.5% purity, RT=1.37 min. MS: m/z=298.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.39 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=9.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03-3.98 (m, 1H),2.39-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.46 (m,2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 4H), 0.98-0.81 (m, 2H);

Compound 62c:

(9.4 mg, 5.6% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.1% purity, RT=1.42 min. MS: m/z=298.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.39 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz,1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),4.15-4.10 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.75 (m,1H), 1.69-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 4H), 0.99-0.82(m, 2H);

Compound 62d:

(4.1 mg, 2.5% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.6% purity, RT=1.38 min. MS: m/z=298.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.39 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=9.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03-3.98 (m, 1H),2.39-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.46 (m,2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 4H), 0.98-0.81 (m, 2H).

Example 63 Synthesis of4-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide(63a, b, c, d)

Methyl 4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

Methyl4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(1.1 g, 81%) was prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde andmethyl 4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate usingMethod B, C, and D. MS: m/z=342.1 [M+H]⁺.

Method Q4-(1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid

At room temperature, to a solution of methyl4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate(1.1 g, 3.22 mmol) in THF (21 mL) and water (7 mL) was added lithiumhydroxide (310 mg, 12.94 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirredat room temperature for 16 h. Then the eaction mixture was neutralizedwith hydrochloric acid solution (1 M) and the mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with methanol in dichloromethane (5% to 10% gradient) to yield4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (950 mg, 90%) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=328.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-[1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide

At room temperatue, to a solution of4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (300 mg, 0.91 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added CDI (297 mg, 1.83 mmol)slowly. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and thenwas added by ammonium acetate (283 mg, 3.66 mmol) in one batch. Theresulting mixture was kept stirring for another 16 h at roomtemperature. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL)and extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL×4). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solventwas removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with methanol in dichloromethane (5% to 10%gradient). Four pairs of enantiomers were obtained by the separation onprep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column,19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, acetonitrile in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 18% isocratic in 14 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 63a:

(7.2 mg, 2.2%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.4%purity, RT=0.66 min. MS: m/z=327.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.40-8.39 (m, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39(dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.36 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.82(m, 1H), 2.39-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 3H),1.80-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.34 (m, 3H), 1.22-1.13 (m, 2H);

Compound 63b:

(11.9 mg, 4%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.5%purity, RT=0.58 min. MS: m/z=327.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.41-8.40 (m, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H),7.31 (s, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J=9.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.39(m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.76 (m, 4H),1.49-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.11 (s, 2H);

Compound 63c:

(11.8 mg, 3.9%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.4%purity, RT=0.66 min. MS: m/z=327.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.40-8.39 (m, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39(dd, J=7.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.06-4.01(m, 1H), 2.43-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.88 (m, 3H), 1.66-1.63 (m, 2H),1.69-1.48 (m, 7H);

Compound 63d:

(22.6 mg, 7.5%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.5%purity, RT=0.92 min. MS: m/z=327.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.40-8.39 (m, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41(dd, J=7.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J=10.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H),3.86-3.84 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.34 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.49 (m, 10H).

Example 64 Synthesis of5-(2-cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

Method R5-[(2-Cyclohexyl-1,3-dithian-2-yl)methyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

To a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one (390 mg, 1.04mmol) and propane-1,3-dithiol (592 mg, 5.20 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) wasadded BF₃.Et₂O (775 mg, 5.20 mmol) slowly at room temperature. Theresulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h. Then the reactionmixture was quenched with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate(50 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH inDCM (1% to 4% gradient) to yield5-[(2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dithian-2-yl)methyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(270 mg, 70%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=370.95 [M+H]⁺.

Method S1,3-Dibromo-5-(2-cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At −78° C., to a suspension of1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (625 mg, 2.08 mmol) indichloromethane (6 mL) was added HF-pyridine (836 mg, 8.01 mmol)dropwise, followed by the addition of a solution of5-[(2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dithian-2-yl)methyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(270 mg, 0.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) slowly. The resultingmixture was kept stirring while slowly warmed up to 0° C. over 1 hperiod. Then the reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution and extracted with dichloromethane (40 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over sodiumsulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleumether (25% to 50% gradient) to yield1,3-dibromo-5-(2-cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(141 mg, 47%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=458.8 [M+H]⁺.

Method T 5-(2-Cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At room temperature, to a solution of1,3-dibromo-5-(2-cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(141 mg, 0.30 mmol) in AcOH (6 mL) and MeOH (3 mL) was added Rh/C (5%,56 mg) and Pd/C (10%, 56 mg) under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction flask wasvacuumed and flushed with hydrogen, and then the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 h under H₂ atmosphere using ahydrogen balloon. Then the reaction mixture was filtered through acelite pad, which was rinsed with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined filtratewas concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified byprep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column,19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 45%to 75% gradient in 8 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. One pair ofenantiomeric product was obtained.

Compound 64:

(18 mg, 19%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.6%purity, RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=303.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.86 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.45-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.61 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4Hz, 1H), 2.83-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.85 (m, 5H),1.75-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 5H).

Example 65 Synthesis of5-(2-cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

5-(2-Cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

5-(2-Cyclohexyl-2,2-difluoroethyl)-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindolewas prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-oneusing Method R, S, and T. One pair of enantiomeric product was obtainedby the separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridgeShield RP18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water(with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 45% to 75% gradient in 8 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 65:

(24 mg, 16%, light yellow solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC:99.96% purity, RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=321.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.88 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.06(m, 1H), 5.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.32 (m, 1H),1.93-1.83 (m, 5H), 1.74-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.37-1.21 (m, 5H).

Example 66 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(66a, b)

7-[2-(1-Fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(1-Fluoro-4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyrimidine-4-carbaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using MethodB, C, D, and E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: ChiralpakIB, 20×250 mm, 5 m; EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 14 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 66a:

(15 mg, 8%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.6% purity,RT=1.45 min. MS: m/z=315.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.08(s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=5.6 Hz,1H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.40(m, 6H), 1.21-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H);

Compound 66b:

(14.2 mg, 7.6%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=1.45 min. MS: m/z=315.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=9.08 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=5.6Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 2H),1.58-1.40 (m, 6H), 1.21-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H).

Example 67 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(67a, b, c, d)

4-Chloro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyrimidine

At 80° C., a mixture of 4-chloro-5-iodopyrimidine (5.2 g, 21.63 mmol),4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole (19.47 g, 32.48mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄(2.5 g, 2.16 mmol) and CuI (824.2 mg, 4.33 mmol) intoluene (120 mL) was stirred for 16 h under argon atmosphere. Then thereaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted withEtOAc (250 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAcin petroleum ether (20% to 50% gradient) to yield4-chloro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyrimidine (6.6 g, 72%)as yellow solid. MS: m/z=370.95 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9,11-tetraazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from4-chloro-5-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyrimidine and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method M, G, B, C, and D.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 μm;EtOH in hexane, 10% isocratic in 32 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 67a:

(28.3 mg, 5.6% for five steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers, epimerization occured) HPLC: 99.5% purity, RT=1.33 min.MS: m/z=285.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.06-8.99 (m, 1H),8.15-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 1H), 5.59-5.46 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.66 (m,1H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.21-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.43-1.02(m, 6H);

Compound 67b:

(33.9 mg, 6.7% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.5% purity, RT=1.33 min. MS: m/z=285.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=9.06 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 5.58 (dd,J=10.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.66 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.91 (m,1H), 1.85-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.47-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.02 (m, 5H);

Compound 67c:

(5.9 mg, 1.2% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.5% purity, RT=1.33 min. MS: m/z=285.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=9.04 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 5.48 (t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.14 (m, 1H),1.86-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.36-1.03 (m, 6H);

Compound 67d:

(8.1 mg, 1.6% for five steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers,epimerization occured) HPLC: 99.2% purity, RT=1.33 min. MS: m/z=285.1[M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=9.06-9.00 (m, 2H), 8.15-8.10 (m,1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 1H), 5.59-5.48 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.42(m, 1H), 2.22-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.43-1.02 (m, 6H).

Example 68 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(68a, b, c)

6-Chloro-5-nitropyridin-2-ol

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-nitropyridine (5 g, 10.61 mmol) in HClsolution (12 M, 60 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h. Then the reactionmixture was neutralized with NaOH carefully and extracted with EtOAc(100 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure toyield 6-chloro-5-nitropyridin-2-ol (2.8 g, 60%) as red solid which wasused in the following reaction without further purification. MS:m/z=197.1 [M+Na]+.

2-Chloro-3-nitro-6-[1-(phenylsulfanyl)cyclopropoxy]pyridine

To a solution of 6-chloro-5-nitropyridin-2-ol (2.1 g, 11.97 mmol) and[(1-iodocyclopropyl)sulfanyl]benzene (6.64 g, 24.15 mmol) in toluene (40mL) was added silver carbonate (6.64 g, 24.15 mmol) at room temperature.The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then thereaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, which was rinsedwith EtOAc (40 mL×3). The filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography elutingwith EtOAc in petroleum ether (1% to 4% gradient) to yield2-chloro-3-nitro-6-[1-(phenylsulfanyl)cyclopropoxy]pyridine (3.36 g,87%) as red oil. MS: m/z=323.0 [M+H]⁺.

6-[1-(Benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-nitropyridine

At 0° C., to a solution of2-chloro-3-nitro-6-[1-(phenylsulfanyl)cyclopropoxy]pyridine (2.76 g,8.55 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added mCPBA (6.33 g, 36.68 mmol) inportions. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h.Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extractedwith DCM (100 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAcin petroleum ether (5% to 30% gradient) to yield6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-nitropyridine (3 g, 99%)as yellow solid.

6-[1-(Benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloropyridin-3-amine

To a solution of6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-nitropyridine (3 g, 8.46mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) and EtOAc (40 mL) was added Pd/C (10%, 300 mg)carefully under N₂. The reaction flask was vacuumed and flushed withhydrogen, and then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 2 h under H₂ atmosphere using a hydrogen balloon. Then the reactionmixture was filtered through a celite pad which was rinsed with EtOAc(30 mL×3). The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAcin petroleum ether (10% to 40% gradient) to yield6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloropyridin-3-amine (1.3 g, 47%)as yellow solid. MS: m/z=324.8 [M+H]⁺.

6-[1-(Benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-3-bromo-2-chloropyridine

At 0° C., to a solution of6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloropyridin-3-amine (1.3 g, 4.0mmol) in MeCN (25 mL) was added CuBr₂ (985 mg, 4.41 mmol) and pentylnitrite (706 mg, 6.02 mmol) in sequence. The resulting mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. Then the reaction mixture was diluteded withwater (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×2). The organic phaseswere combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with EtOAc in DCM (5% to 15% gradient) to yield6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-3-bromo-2-chloropyridine (923 mg,59%) as light yellow solid.

6-[1-(Benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine

6-[1-(Benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine(957 mg, 65%) was prepared from6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-3-bromo-2-chloropyridine and4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole using Method A. MS:m/z=640.15 [M+Na]+.

2-Chloro-6-cyclopropoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine

At room temperature, to a solution of6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine(476 mg, 0.77 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and THF (10 mL) were added Na₂HPO₄(438 mg, 3.08 mmol) and Na—Hg (1.42 g, 6.35 mmol) in sequence. Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Then thereaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted withEtOAc (80 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine anddried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure andthe residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc inpetroleum (5% to 25% gradient) to yield2-chloro-6-cyclopropoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine(212 mg, 58%) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=478.1 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-[1-(benzenesulfonyl)cyclopropoxy]-2-chloro-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridineand dimethyl (2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method M, G, B,C, and D. Three enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation onchiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μCellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 50%isocratic in 23 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 68a:

(25.7 mg, 6.8% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.7% purity, RT=1.57 min. MS: m/z=340.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.10 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.88(m, 1H), 2.38-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.61 (m, 4H),1.49-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.00 (m, 5H), 0.86-0.73 (m, 4H);

Compound 68b:

(13.9 mg, 3.7% for five steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 99.1% purity, RT=2.25 min. MS: m/z=340.15 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.54 (br s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),7.23 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.17(m, 1H), 3.87-3.84 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.06-2.01 (m, 1H),1.92-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.07 (m,5H), 0.84-0.79 (m, 4H);

Compound 68c:

(21.3 mg, 5.6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.0% purity, RT=3.01 min. MS: m/z=340.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=8.13 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.88(m, 1H), 2.38-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.61 (m, 4H),1.49-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.00 (m, 5H), 0.86-0.73 (m, 4H).

Example 69 Synthesis of2-[10-cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol(69 a, b, c, d)

2-[10-Cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol:2-[10-Cyclopropoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-cyclopropoxy-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH inhexane, 30% isocratic in 20 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 69a:

(18.7 mg, 10.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.46 min. MS: m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.82 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=8.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.09-4.07 (m, 1H),3.99-3.96 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 3H), 1.97-1.92 (m,1H), 2.79-2.62 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.53 (m, 1H), 0.89-0.73 (m, 4H);

Compound 69b:

(4.5 mg, 2.6% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.1% purity, RT=1.45 min. MS: m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=8.63 (br s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.15 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.98 (m,1H), 2.32-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.19-1.97 (m, 4H), 1.82-1.47 (m, 6H), 0.84-0.78(m, 4H);

Compound 69c:

(17.2 mg, 9.9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.95% purity, RT=1.47 min. MS: m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J=8.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.09-4.07 (m, 1H),3.99-3.96 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 3H), 1.97-1.92 (m,1H), 2.79-2.62 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.53 (m, 1H), 0.89-0.73 (m, 4H);

Compound 69d:

(4.1 mg, 2.4% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.4% purity, RT=1.45 min. MS: m/z=376.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃,ppm) δ=8.31 (br s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.17-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.98 (m,1H), 2.24-1.95 (m, 5H), 1.82-1.47 (m, 6H), 0.84-0.78 (m, 4H).

Example 70 Synthesis of6-chloro-5-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (70aand 70 b)

6-Chloro-5-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Chloro-5-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole wasprepared from 2-bromo-6-chlorobenzaldehyde,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, B, C, D, and E. Twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 18min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 70a:

(18 mg, 4.8% for five steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=1.58 min. MS: m/z=319.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.59-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.69 (br s, 2H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.47-1.22 (m,5H), 1.14-0.91 (m, 2H);

Compound 70b:

(20.1 mg, 5.3% for five steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 99.97% purity, RT=1.58 min. MS: m/z=319.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.59-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.69 (br s, 2H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 3H), 1.47-1.22 (m,5H), 1.14-0.91 (m, 2H).

Example 71 Synthesis of4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-ol(71a, b, c, d)

4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-ol

4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-olwas prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl(2-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonateusing Method B, C, D, H, and I. Four enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH inhexane, 30% isocratic in 20 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 71a:

(5.2 mg, 2.2% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.98% purity, RT=1.28 min. MS: m/z=335.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.09 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.67 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),3.89-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.50 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.48 (m, 8H), 1.20-0.98 (m,2H);

Compound 71b:

(16 mg, 6.7% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.29 min. MS: m/z=334.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.11 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 5.68 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),3.89-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.50 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.48 (m, 8H), 1.20-0.98 (m,2H);

Compound 71c:

(8.7 mg, 3.6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:96.4% purity, RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=334.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.33 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 2H), 5.73 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.48 (m, 1H),2.62-2.51 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.18-0.99 (m,2H);

Compound 71d:

(4.6 mg, 1.9% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.6% purity, RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=335.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.31 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.40-7.38 (m, 2H), 5.72 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.48 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.51(m, 2H), 1.87-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.18-0.99 (m, 2H).

Example 72 Synthesis of6-chloro-5-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(72a, b)

6-Chloro-5-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Chloro-5-[2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindolewas prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using MethodB, C, D, and E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions: ChiralpakIA, 20×250 mm, 5 m; EtOH in hexane, 20% isocratic in 12 min; Detector,UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 72a:

(16 mg, 6.4% for four steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 99.99% purity, RT=1.16 min. MS: m/z=355.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.64 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H),2.60-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.88 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.02 (m,2H);

Compound 72b:

(12 mg, 4.8% for four steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=1.16 min. MS: m/z=355.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 5.63 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H),2.60-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.88 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.02 (m,2H).

Example 73 Synthesis of1-[4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(73 a, b, c, d)

1-[4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-[4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl[2-(4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]cyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonateusing Method B, C, D, and F. Four pairs of enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; EtOH in hexane, 40%isocratic in 13 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 73a

(30.8 mg, 5.6% for four steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 87.4% purity, RT=1.49 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H),8.02 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s,1H), 5.38 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H),2.42-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.78-1.75 (m,1H), 1.42-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.20-1.07 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 73b:

(29.1 mg, 5.3% for four steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 98.9% purity, RT=0.98 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H),8.02 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s,1H), 5.38 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H),2.42-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.78-1.75 (m,1H), 1.43-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 73c:

(21.8 mg, 4% for four steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.4% purity, RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd,J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=10.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H),3.72-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.98 (m,1H), 1.90-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.07 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.91(m, 2H);

Compound 73d:

(19.5 mg, 3.5% for four steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=314.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m,2H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=10.0, 3.6Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H),2.02-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.17-1.06 (m,2H), 0.98-0.90 (m, 2H).

Example 74 Synthesis of4-(1,1-difluoro-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(74a, b)

1-(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one

1-(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(820 mg, 83%) was prepared from1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-oneusing Method F. MS: m/z=297.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[5H-Imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetate

At room temperature, to a solution of1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-one(820 mg, 2.62 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) was added TEA (840 mg,7.88 mmol), acetic anhydride (424 mg, 3.94 mmol), and4-dimethylaminopyridine (68 mg, 0.52 mmol) in sequence. The resultingmixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction wasquenched by the addition of water (50 mL) and the mixture was extractedwith dichloromethane (50 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washedwith brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient) to yield4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetate (900 mg,91%) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=339.05 [M+H]⁺.

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate (125 mg, 13%) was prepared from4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetate usingMethod R, S, and T. MS: m/z=361.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

At room temperature, to a solution of4-(1,1-difluoro-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) and water (0.5 mL) wasadded potassium carbonate (57 mg, 0.39 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture wasneutralized with saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted withethyl acetate (40 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed withbrine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flash chromatographyeluting with methanol in dichloromethane (1% to 5% gradient). Two pairsof enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: XBridge Prep C18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm,5 μm; mobile phase, acetonitrile in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 27% to38% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 74a:

(18.6 mg, 21%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=0.67 min. MS: m/z=319.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.81 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),7.41-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J=8.1, 2.1Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.41 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.25 (m, 1H),2.00-1.79 (m, 5H), 1.39-1.17 (m, 4H);

Compound 74b:

(15 mg, 17%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.4%purity, RT=0.69 min. MS: m/z=319.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.83 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),7.38-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 5.58-5.55 (m, 1H),3.96-3.94 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.79 (m,3H), 1.74-1.42 (m, 6H).

Example 75 Synthesis of4-(1,1-difluoro-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(75a, b)

4-(2-[6-Fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetate

At room temperature, to a solution of2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one(610 mg, 1.84 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added TEA (589 mg, 5.53 mmol),acetic anhydride (297 mg, 2.76 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (47 mg,0.37 mmol) in sequence. The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition ofwater (50 mL) and the mixture was extracted with DCM (50 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient) to yield4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetate(650 mg, 94%) as light yellow oil. MS: m/z=357.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate (100 mg, 14%) was prepared from4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexyl acetateusing Method R, S, and T. MS: m/z=379.05 [M+H]⁺.

4-(1,1-Difluoro-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

At room temperature, to a solution of4-(1,1-difluoro-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylacetate (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (55 mg, 0.38 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture wasneutralized with sat. NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL×3).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient). Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by furtherseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge Prep C18OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 20% to 50% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 75a:

(21.9 mg, 24%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.2%purity, RT=0.88 min. MS: m/z=337.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.83 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.03-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.76(d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.23 (m,1H), 1.98-1.73 (m, 5H), 1.35-1.13 (m, 4H);

Compound 75b:

(12.7 mg, 14%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.1%purity, RT=1.26 min. MS: m/z=337.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.84 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.77(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.25 (m,1H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.73-1.44 (m, 6H).

Example 76 Synthesis of7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(76a, b)

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; iPrOH inhexane, 50% isocratic in 16 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 76a:

(19.9 mg, 6.8%, off-white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=1.26 min. MS: m/z=354.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD, ppm)δ=8.15 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s,1H), 5.42 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.62 (m, 2H),1.56-1.20 (m, 10H);

Compound 76b:

(18.7 mg, 6.4%, off-white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=354.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD, ppm)δ=8.15 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s,1H), 5.42 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.62 (m, 2H),1.56-1.20 (m, 10H).

Example 77 Synthesis of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(77a, b)

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-(trifluoromethyl)-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehydeand dimethyl [2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane (with 0.2% DEA), 30% isocratic in 20 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 77a:

(5.5 mg, 4.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.09 min. MS: m/z=388.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) 8=8.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz,1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J=9.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 1H),2.51-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.59 (m, 7H), 1.52-1.31 (m, 3H);

Compound 77b:

(8.3 mg, 7.2% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.6% purity, RT=1.11 min. MS: m/z=388.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.14-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.97 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.17-1.98 (m, 3H),1.89-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.32 (m, 3H);

Compound 77c:

(5.8 mg, 5% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:96.8% purity, RT=1.20 min. MS: m/z=388.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) 8=8.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),7.42 (s, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J=9.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.42(m, 1H), 2.08-1.59 (m, 7H), 1.52-1.31 (m, 3H);

Compound 77d:

(8 mg, 7% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.4%purity, RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=388.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.14-8.13 (m, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.97 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.17-1.98 (m, 3H),1.89-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.32 (m, 3H).

Example 78 Synthesis of4-(2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1,1-difluoroethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(78a, b)

2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one

2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one(750 mg, 83%) was prepared from1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-oneusing Method F.

4-(2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexylacetate

At room temperature, to a solution of2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethan-1-one(620 mg, 1.77 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added TEA (567 mg, 5.32 mmol),acetic anhydride (286 mg, 2.66 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (46 mg,0.36 mmol) in sequence. The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition ofwater (50 mL) and the mixture was extracted with DCM (50 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient) to yield4-(2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexylacetate (630 mg, 90%) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=375.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1,1-difluoroethyl)cyclohexylacetate

4-(2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1,1-difluoroethyl)cyclohexylacetate (100 mg, 15%) was prepared from4-(2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]acetyl)cyclohexylacetate using Method R, S, and T. MS: m/z=397.1 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[6,9-Difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1,1-difluoroethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

At room temperature, to a solution of4-(2-[6,9-difluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1,1-difluoroethyl)cyclohexylacetate (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (52 mg, 0.36 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture wasneutralized with sat. NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL×3).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient). Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge Prep C18OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 20% to 40% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 78a:

(15 mg, 19%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.5%purity, RT=0.88 min. MS: m/z=355.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.88 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 1H), 5.83(d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.34 (m,1H), 2.00-1.77 (m, 5H), 1.38-1.16 (m, 4H);

Compound 78b:

(13 mg, 16%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 97.0%purity, RT=0.92 min. MS: m/z=355.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.89 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 1H), 5.84(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (br s, 1H), 3.03-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.31 (m,1H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.44 (m, 6H).

Example 79 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide(79a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide

At room temperature, to a solution of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (372 mg, 1.0 mmol) in DCM (7 mL) was added1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (133 mg, 1.1 mmol) and DCC (237 mg, 1.1mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for30 min, and then was added by NH₃-MeOH (7 M, 1.4 mL). The reactionmixture was kept stirring for another 16 h at room temperature. Then thereaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (40 mL) and extracted with DCM (40mL×4). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM(5% to 10% gradient). Then cis- and trans-isomers were separated onprep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18 OBD PrepColumn, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 30% to 35% gradient in 11 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Fourenantiomers were obtained by the further separation on chiral prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.1% DEA), 40% isocratic in 18 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 79a:

(9.9 mg, 2.7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 100% purity,RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=328.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m,2H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 5.41 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10(m, 2H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 79b:

(14.2 mg, 3.8%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=328.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m,2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.38 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.08 (m,1H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.25 (m, 6H);

Compound 79c:

(8.3 mg, 2.2%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=328.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m,2H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 5.41 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10(m, 2H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 79d:

(9.7 mg, 2.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=328.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.27 (m,2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.38 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.08 (m,1H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.25 (m, 6H).

Example 80 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (80a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid was prepared from2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde and methyl4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate using MethodB, C, D, E, and Q. Two pairs of enantiomers were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Gemini-NX 5μC18, 110A, AXIA Packed, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water(with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃), 20% to 40% gradient in 12 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 80a:

(16.7 mg, 5.1% for five steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 98.1% purity, RT=1.75 min. MS: m/z=347.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.91 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s,1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.39 (m, 1H),2.29-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.42-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 80b:

(11.5 mg, 3.5% for five steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 95.1% purity, RT=3.49 min. MS: m/z=347.05 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.18 (s,1H), 7.07-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 2H),2.28-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.57 (m, 6H), 1.34-1.10 (m,2H).

Example 81 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide(81a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxamide

At room temperature, to a solution of4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 0.65 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) wasadded 1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (91 mg, 0.75 mmol) and DCC (164 mg,0.76 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min, and then was added by NH₃-MeOH (7 M, 1 mL). The reactionmixture was kept stirring for another 16 h at room temperature. Then thereaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (40 mL) and extracted with DCM (40mL×4). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM(5% to 10% gradient). Then cis- and trans-isomers were separated onprep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18 OBD PrepColumn, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 31% to 39% gradient in 10 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Fourenantiomers were obtained by the further separation on chiral prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.1% DEA), 30% isocratic in 18 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 81a:

(7.7 mg, 3.1%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=346.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.44-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 2H),1.74-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 81b:

(16.3 mg, 6.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.26 min. MS: m/z=346.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98(s, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.65 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.73 (m, 4H),1.62-1.21 (m, 6H);

Compound 81c:

(8.6 mg, 3.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.5% purity,RT=1.20 min. MS: m/z=346.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.44-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 2H),1.74-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.10 (m, 4H);

Compound 81d:

(12.8 mg, 5.1%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 95.0% purity,RT=2.74 min. MS: m/z=346.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98(s, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.65 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.73 (m, 4H),1.62-1.21 (m, 6H).

Example 82 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (82a,b)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid was prepared from2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde and methyl4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate using MethodB, C, D, E, and Q. Two pairs of enantiomers were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBDPrep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃), 46% to 55% gradient in 8 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 82a:

(12.5 mg, 3.5% for five steps, white solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 99.6% purity, RT=0.89 min. MS: m/z=329.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45(d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.41 (t, J=4.5 Hz,1H), 2.41-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.42-1.14(m, 4H);

Compound 82b:

(23 mg, 6.4% for five steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 90.0% purity, RT=3.39 min. MS: m/z=329.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.68 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=6.6 Hz,1H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 3H), 5.63 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 2H),2.29-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.57 (m, 6H), 1.39-1.26 (m,2H).

Example 83 Synthesis of2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol(83a, b, c, d)

2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol

2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]-1-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-olwas prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B,C, and D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation onchiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:(R,R)-WHELK-O1-Kromasil, 50×250 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane,8% isocratic in 26 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 83a:

(9.9 mg, 5.7% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.98% purity, RT=1.46 min. MS: m/z=335.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 5.62 (dd, J=9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H),3.66-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.71 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.49 (m,6H), 1.39-1.12 (m, 2H);

Compound 83b:

(15.7 mg, 9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.99% purity, RT=1.46 min. MS: m/z=335.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 5.62 (dd, J=9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H),3.66-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.71 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.49 (m,6H), 1.39-1.12 (m, 2H);

Compound 83c

(11.9 mg, 6.8% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.52 min. MS: m/z=335.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.00 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=5.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H),3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.70 (m,2H), 1.62-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.13 (m, 1H);

Compound 83d:

(15.5 mg, 8.9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.8% purity, RT=1.49 min. MS: m/z=335.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=5.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H),3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.70 (m,2H), 1.62-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.13 (m, 1H).

Example 84 Synthesis of[4-fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]methanol(84 a, b, c, d)

[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]methanol

[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]methanolwas prepared from methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method N. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SLOO2, 20×250 mm, 5 jtm; EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in20 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 84a:

(10.7 mg, 7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=333.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.43-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H),1.72-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.43 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.85 (m,2H);

Compound 84b:

(5.2 mg, 3.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=333.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97(s, 1H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.65 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H),1.81-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.09 (m, 7H);

Compound 84c:

(9.9 mg, 6.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=0.70 min. MS: m/z=333.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.43-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.64 (t,J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H),1.72-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.43 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.85 (m,2H);

Compound 84d:

(4.2 mg, 2.7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=333.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.01(br s, 1H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.23 (br s, 1H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.65(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m,1H), 1.81-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.09 (m, 7H).

Example 85 Synthesis of1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol(85a, b)

1-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol

1-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-olwas prepared from methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method O. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10mM NH₄HCO₃), 45% to 78% gradient in 11 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 85a:

(15.9 mg, 7.1%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.1%purity, RT=1.02 min. MS: m/z=359.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.91 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.63(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.77 (m,2H), 1.61-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.37-1.07 (m, 4H), 0.90-0.83 (m, 1H), 0.56-0.54(m, 2H), 0.38-0.35 (m, 2H);

Compound 85b:

(20.1 mg, 9%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=1.05 min. MS: m/z=359.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.65(br s, 1H), 2.47-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.80 (m, 2H),1.67-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.04 (m, 6H), 0.93-0.88 (m, 1H), 0.56-0.54 (m,2H), 0.32-0.29 (m, 2H).

Example 86 Synthesis of2-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]propan-2-ol(86a, b)

2-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]propan-2-ol

2-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]propan-2-olwas prepared from methyl4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method P. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10mM NH₄HCO₃), 36% to 41% gradient in 13 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 86a:

(21 mg, 8.7%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.96%purity, RT=1.36 min. MS: m/z=361.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.67(t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.78 (m,2H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.09 (m, 3H), 1.00 (s,6H), 0.85-0.72 (m, 2H);

Compound 86b:

(14.2 mg, 5.9%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.8%purity, RT=1.37 min. MS: m/z=361.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 1H), 5.63(t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.77 (m,2H), 1.63-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.10 (m, 7H), 1.08 (s, 6H).

Example 87 Synthesis of2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol(87a, b, c, d)

2-[4,6,9-Triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-ol

2-[4,6,9-Triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]-1-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethan-1-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl [2-oxo-2-(1,4,4-trifluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]phosphonate usingMethod B, C, and D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 15%isocratic in 27 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 87a:

(12.5 mg, 5.4% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.2% purity, RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=338.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.40 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),4.12-4.06 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.77 (m,8H);

Compound 87b:

(7.2 mg, 3.1% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:85.7% purity, RT=1.98 min. MS: m/z=338.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.41 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd,J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=10.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H),3.91-3.84 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.75 (m, 9H);

Compound 87c:

(7.6 mg, 3.3% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:98.5% purity, RT=1.20 min. MS: m/z=338.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.41 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=10.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.84 (m, 1H),2.57-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.75 (m, 9H);

Compound 87d:

(16.9 mg, 7.3% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.0% purity, RT=1.65 min. MS: m/z=338.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.40 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),4.12-4.06 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.77 (m,8H).

Example 88 Synthesis of1-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one(88a, b, c, d)

1-(Piperidin-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one

1-(Piperidin-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(450 mg, 73%) was prepared from benzyl4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]acetyl)piperidine-1-carboxylateusing Method J. MS: m/z=282.95 [M+H]⁺.

Method U2,2-Dimethyl-1-[4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]acetyl)piperidin-1-yl]propan-1-one

At room temperature, to a solution of1-(piperidin-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-one(300 mg, 1.06 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid(119 mg, 1.21 mmol), HATU (485 mg, 1.35 mmol) and DIPEA (165 mg, 1.35mmol) successively. The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was diluted with water(40 mL) and extracted with DCM (40 mL×3). The organic phases werecombined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by flashchromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (2% to 8% gradient) to yield2,2-dimethyl-1-[4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]acetyl)piperidin-1-yl]propan-1-one(260 mg, 67%) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=367.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-[4-[1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one

1-[4-[1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-onewas prepared from2,2-dimethyl-1-[4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]acetyl)piperidin-1-yl]propan-1-oneusing Method D. Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane,30% isocratic in 16 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 88a:

(18 mg, 10.4%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.1%purity, RT=1.14 min. MS: m/z=369.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.37 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37(dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 5.34 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.45-4.40(m, 2H), 3.87-3.83 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.30 (m, 1H),2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.23 (m,11H);

Compound 88b:

(7.4 mg, 4.3%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.4%purity, RT=2.01 min. MS: m/z=369.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.52-4.44 (m, 2H),3.76-3.73 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.43 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.84 (m,2H), 1.72-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.28 (m, 11H);

Compound 88c:

(16 mg, 9.2%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 97.1%purity, RT=1.49 min. MS: m/z=369.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.42 (d, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),4.50-4.47 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.37 (m,1H), 2.13-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.27(m, 11H);

Compound 88d:

(8.1 mg, 4.7%, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.8%purity, RT=1.13 min. MS: m/z=369.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.37 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.02-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.39 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.46 (dd, J=9.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.38 (m, 2H),3.70-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.79 (m,2H), 1.66-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.20 (m, 11H).

Example 89 Synthesis of(2S)-2-amino-1-(4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one(89a, b)

tert-ButylN-[1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate

tert-ButylN-[l-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate(125 mg, 68%) was prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidine and(S)-2-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoic acid using MethodU. MS: m/z=485.25 [M+H]⁺.

(2S)-2-Amino-1-(4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one

At room temperature, to a solution of tert-butylN-[(2S)-1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate(100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) slowly. Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then thereaction mixture was neutralized with Sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extractedwith DCM (30 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureand the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOHin DCM (2% to 8% gradient). Then two enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.2%DEA), 50% isocratic in 27 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 89a:

(12 mg, 15%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 96.5% purity,RT=2.36 min. MS: m/z=385.25 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.95(s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.41 (m,1H), 7.36-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.29(m, 1H), 3.84-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.63 (br s, 1H), 3.36-3.32 (m, 1H),2.99-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.80 (m,3H), 1.69-1.23 (m, 4H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H);

Compound 89b:

(10 mg, 12%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 96.8% purity,RT=2.35 min. MS: m/z=385.25 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.95(s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.41 (m,1H), 7.36-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.29(m, 1H), 3.84-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.63 (br s, 1H), 3.36-3.32 (m, 1H),2.99-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.80 (m,3H), 1.69-1.23 (m, 4H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 90 Synthesis of(2S)-2-amino-1-(4-fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one(90 a, b)

tert-ButylN-[1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate

tert-ButylN-[1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate(120 mg, 65%) was prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidineand (S)-2-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoic acid usingMethod U.

(2S)-2-Amino-1-(4-fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]piperidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one

At room temperature, to a solution of tert-butylN-[(2S)-1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamate(100 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) slowly. Theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then thereaction mixture was neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extractedwith DCM (30 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed with brineand dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure,and the residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOHin DCM (2% to 8% gradient). Then two enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.2%DEA), 20% isocratic in 32 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 90a:

(10 mg, 12.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.98% purity,RT=1.06 min. MS: m/z=403.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97(s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (s, 1H), 5.67 (t,J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.63 (br s, 1H),3.38-3.30 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m,1H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.20 (m, 4H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82(d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H);

Compound 90b:

(9.3 mg, 11.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.6% purity,RT=1.07 min. MS: m/z=403.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98(s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (s, 1H), 5.67 (t,J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.63 (br s, 1H),3.38-3.30 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m,1H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.20 (m, 4H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82(d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 91 Synthesis of6-chloro-5-(2-[6-fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(91a, b)

6-Chloro-5-(2-[6-fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Chloro-5-(2-[6-fluorospiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindolewas prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl (2-oxo-2-[spiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]ethyl)phosphonate using MethodB, C, D, and E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 13 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 91a:

(13 mg, 7% for four steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC:98.6% purity, RT=1.34 min. MS: m/z=345.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.63 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.60-2.49 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.20-0.98 (m,2H), 0.82-0.79 (m, 2H), 0.30-0.19 (m, 4H);

Compound 91b:

(12 mg, 6.4% for four steps, light yellow oil, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 98.2% purity, RT=1.31 min. MS: m/z=345.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.63 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.60-2.49 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.20-0.98 (m,2H), 0.82-0.79 (m, 2H), 0.30-0.19 (m, 4H).

Example 92 Synthesis of1-(oxan-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(92a, b, c, d)

1-(Oxan-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(Oxan-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B, C, and D.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50%isocratic in 28 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 92a:

(20 mg, 10% for three steps, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer),HPLC: 99.7% purity, RT=0.62 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.38 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 5.36 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H),3.97-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.32 (m,1H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.33 (m, 4H);

Compound 92b:

(20.9 mg, 10.5% for three steps, light yellow solid, singlestereoisomer) HPLC: 99.6% purity, RT=0.62 min. MS: m/z=286.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.38 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.98(d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 5.36 (t,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.31 (m, 2H),2.38-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.33 (m,4H);

Compound 92c:

(6.4 mg, 3.2% for three steps, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer),HPLC: 98.0% purity, RT=0.85 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.39 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd,J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.48(dd, J=9.3, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.31(m, 2H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.32 (m, 4H);

Compound 92d:

(6.4 mg, 3.2% for three steps, light yellow solid, single stereoisomer)HPLC: 98.2% purity, RT=0.61 min. MS: m/z=286.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.39 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd,J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.48(dd, J=9.3, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.31(m, 2H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.32 (m, 4H).

Example 93 Synthesis of7-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(93a, b)

7-[2-(4-Fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-(4-Fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-(oxan-4-yl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method E. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane (with 0.2% DEA), 50% isocratic in 42 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 93a:

(20 mg, 8.5%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.3% purity,RT=0.70 min. MS: m/z=288.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32(s, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.60 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H),2.32-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.29 (m, 2H);

Compound 93b:

(20.9 mg, 8.9%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.2% purity,RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=288.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32(s, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.60 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H),2.32-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.29 (m, 2H).

Example 94 Synthesis of5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (94a, b)

5-[2-(4-Fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

5-[2-(4-Fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole was preparedfrom 2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde and dimethyl[2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B, C, D, and E. Twoenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane (with 0.1% IPA), 30% isocraticin 24 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 94a:

(21 mg, 10.5%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.97% purity,RT=1.20 min. MS: m/z=287.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),3.71-3.60 (m, 4H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.52 (m,4H), 1.37-1.20 (m, 2H);

Compound 94b:

(20 mg, 10%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=287.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),3.71-3.60 (m, 4H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.52 (m,4H), 1.37-1.20 (m, 2H).

Example 95 Synthesis of6-fluoro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (95a,b)

6-Fluoro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Fluoro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole wasprepared from2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B, C, D, andE. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250mm, 5 jim; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 23 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 95a:

(28 mg, 6.4%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=305.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 1H), 5.65 (t,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.59 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 1H),1.66-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.32-1.24 (m, 2H);

Compound 95b:

(25 mg, 5.7%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=0.90 min. MS: m/z=305.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 1H), 5.65 (t,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.59 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 1H),1.66-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.32-1.24 (m, 2H).

Example 96 Synthesis of6-chloro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (96a,b)

6-Chloro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole:6-Chloro-5-[2-(4-fluorooxan-4-yl)ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole wasprepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(oxan-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B, C, D, andE. Two enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 18 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 96a:

(27 mg, 12%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=321.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.58 (m, 4H),2.53-2.49 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.47 (m, 4H), 1.19-0.98 (m, 2H);

Compound 96b:

(25 mg, 11.4%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=0.95 min. MS: m/z=321.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.58 (m, 4H),2.53-2.49 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.47 (m, 4H), 1.19-0.98 (m, 2H).

Example 97 Synthesis of7-[2-cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(97a, b, c, d)

7-[2-Cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

At −78° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol (200 mg, 0.70 mmol) in DCM (5 mL)was added DAST (171 mg, 1.06 mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture waskept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min. Then the reaction mixture wasquenched with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL×2). The organicphases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purifiedby flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5% gradient).Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SLOO2, 20×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane (with 0.1% DEA), 20% isocratic in26 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 97a:

(3.7 mg, 1.9%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 97.5% purity,RT=2.01 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42(d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.31(s, 1H), 5.45 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.55 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 1H),2.40-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.67 (m,2H), 1.61-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.06 (m, 5H);

Compound 97b:

(2.8 mg, 1.4%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=1.39 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.44(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33(s, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.37 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.70 (m,1H), 2.17-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58(m, 3H), 1.31-1.04 (m, 5H);

Compound 97c:

(3.1 mg, 1.5%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.0% purity,RT=2.00 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.42(d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.31(s, 1H), 5.45 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.55 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 1H),2.40-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.67 (m,2H), 1.61-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.06 (m, 5H);

Compound 97d:

(3.7 mg, 1.9%, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.97 min. MS: m/z=286.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.44(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33(s, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J=8.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.53-4.37 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.70 (m,1H), 2.17-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58(m, 3H), 1.31-1.04 (m, 5H).

Example 98 Synthesis of5-[2-cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (98a,b)

5-[2-Cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At −78° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol (180mg, 0.60 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added DAST (193 mg, 1.20 mmol) slowly.The resulting mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for 30 min. Then thereaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with DCM(20 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM(1% to 5% gradient). Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, iPrOH in hexane, 10% isocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220nm.

Compound 98a:

(3.7 mg, 2.1%, yellow solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.4% purity,RT=1.23 min. MS: m/z=303.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92(s, 1H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.67 (dd,J=8.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.20 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.98 (m,1H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.43 (m, 5H), 1.31-0.97 (m, 5H);

Compound 98b:

(3.5 mg, 1.9%, yellow solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.24 min. MS: m/z=303.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.91(s, 1H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 1H), 5.67 (dd,J=8.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.20 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.98 (m,1H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.43 (m, 5H), 1.31-0.97 (m, 5H).

Example 99 Synthesis of4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxamide(99a, b, c, d)

4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid

4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (450 mg, 88%) was prepared from methyl4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method Q. MS: m/z=363.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxamide

At room temperature, to a solution of4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid (200 mg, 0.55 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (76 mg, 0.66 mmol) and DCC (142 mg, 0.66mmol) slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for30 min, and then was added by NH₃-MeOH (7 M, 0.8 mL) in one batch. Thereaction mixture was kept stirring for 16 h at room temperature. Thenthe reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (30 mL) and extracted with DCM(40 mL×4). The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and driedover Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM(5% to 10% gradient). Four enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4 AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, EtOH in hexane, 50% isocratic in 32 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 99a:

(5.4 mg, 2.7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.70 min. MS: m/z=362.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99(s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 2H),2.34-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.41 (m, 4H), 1.32-1.03 (m,2H);

Compound 99b:

(6 mg, 3%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity, RT=1.24min. MS: m/z=362.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.98 (s, 1H),7.59 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),7.22 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.28 (m,1H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.41 (m, 4H), 1.32-1.03 (m, 2H);

Compound 99c:

(14 mg, 7%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.19 min. MS: m/z=362.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.50 (m, 2H),2.18-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.41-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.11-0.96 (m,2H);

Compound 99d:

(19 mg, 9.5%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.6% purity,RT=1.23 min. MS: m/z=362.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97(s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.61 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.52 (m, 2H),2.17-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.38-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.10-0.96 (m,2H).

Example 100 Synthesis of7-[2-[1-fluoro-4-[(piperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]cyclohexyl]ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene (100a, b)

7-[2-[1-Fluoro-4-[(piperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]cyclohexyl]ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

7-[2-[1-Fluoro-4-[(piperidin-1-yl)carbonyl]cyclohexyl]ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene was prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid and piperidine using Method U. Two pairs of enantiomeric productswere obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase,MeCN in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃); 30% to 34% gradient in 15 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 100a:

(16 mg, 4.5%, yellow oil, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.2%purity, RT=1.26 min. MS: m/z=397.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.42 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz,1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.49 (m, 4H), 2.63-2.59(m, 1H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.64 (m, 6H),1.59-1.43 (m, 7H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 3H);

Compound 100b

(38 mg, 10.7%, yellow oil, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=1.33 min. MS: m/z=397.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.42 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.6, 4.8 Hz,1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.74-2.70(m, 1H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.82 (m, 2H),1.71-1.40 (m, 14H).

Example 101 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(101a, b, c, d)

2-Chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine

At −78° C., to a solution of 2-chloro-4-fluoropyridine (5 g, 38.01 mmol)in anhydrous THF (100 mL) was added LDA (2 M in THF, 28.5 mL) slowly.The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at −78° C., and then wasadded by a solution of 1₂ (14.6 g, 57.52 mmol) in THF (15 mL) dropwise.The reaction mixture was kept stirring at −78° C. for another 30 min.Then the reaction was quenched by tha addition of sat. Na₂SO₃ solution(100 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc in petroleum ether(1% to 4% gradient) to yield 2-chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine (7 g, 72%)as yellow solid. MS: m/z=357.9 [M+H]⁺.

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from 2-chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine,4-(tributylstannyl)-1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, and dimethyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using Method A, M, G, B, C, and D.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Chiralpak IA, 20×250 mm, 5 μm;mobile phase, iPrOH in hexane, 15% isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 101a:

(9.6 mg, 2.6% for six steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.4% purity, RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=301.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.44 (dd, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.25 (m,2H), 5.45 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.37 (m, 1H),2.13-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 5H), 1.38-1.02 (m, 6H);

Compound 101b:

(7.1 mg, 1.9% for six steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.2% purity, RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=301.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.46 (dd, J=7.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m,2H), 5.57 (dd, J=10.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.63 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m,1H), 1.92-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.43-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.02 (m, 5H);

Compound 101c:

(6.7 mg, 1.8% for six steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.4% purity, RT=0.71 min. MS: m/z=301.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.45 (dd, J=7.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.25 (m,2H), 5.46 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.78-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.38 (m, 1H),2.13-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 5H), 1.37-1.03 (m, 6H);

Compound 101d:

(7 mg, 1.9% for six steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 70%purity, RT=0.73 min. MS: m/z=301.95 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.46 (dd, J=7.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 5.57(dd, J=10.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.63 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H),1.92-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.43-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.02 (m, 5H).

Example 102 Synthesis of12-fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene(102a, b)

12-Fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaene

12-Fluoro-7-[2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)ethyl]-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaenewas prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol using Method E. Two enantiomericproducts were obtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed,21.2×250 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 16 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 102a:

(11.8 mg, 7.8%, clear oil, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.3% purity,RT=1.35 min. MS: m/z=304.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43(dd, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.43 (t, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 2H),1.57-1.20 (m, 10H);

Compound 102b:

(10 mg, 6.6%, clear oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.0% purity,RT=1.35 min. MS: m/z=304.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43(dd, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 2H), 5.43 (t, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 2H),1.57-1.20 (m, 10H).

Example 103 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol(103a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-ol

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-olwas prepared from1-[4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]cyclohexyl]-2-[12-fluoro-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method H and I. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtainedby the separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridgeC18 OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with10 mM NH₄HCO₃); 23% to 27% gradient in 11 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 103a:

(9.2 mg, 3.5% for two steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers),HPLC: 98.8% purity, RT=0.95 min. MS: m/z=320.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m,2H), 5.44 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.44 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H),2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.22 (m, 6H);

Compound 103b:

(18.3 mg, 7% for two steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.9% purity, RT=1.04 min. MS: m/z=320.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.45 (dd, J=7.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.24 (m,2H), 5.46 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (br s, 1H), 1.75-1.69 (m, 3H),1.63-1.25 (m, 7H).

Example 104 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-amine(104a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-amine

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-aminewas prepared from 2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehydeand benzyl N-[4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexyl]carbamateusing Method B, C, D, E, and J. Two pairs of enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions:XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN inwater (with 0.05% NH₃.H₂O); 17% to 30% gradient in 11 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 104a:

(32.2 mg, 4.5% for five steps, yellow solid, mixture of twostereoisomers), HPLC: 95.6% purity, RT=1.71 min. MS: m/z=300.15 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H),7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.14(s, 1H), 5.43 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.85-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 1H),2.22-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.43 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.17 (m,3H);

Compound 104b:

(6.7 mg, 0.9% for five steps, yellow solid, mixture of twostereoisomers) HPLC: 86.9% purity, RT=1.95 min. MS: m/z=300.15 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H),7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.12(s, 1H), 5.43 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.32 (m, 1H),2.24-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.32-1.21 (m, 4H).

Example 105 Synthesis of[4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]methanol(105a, b, c)

[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]methanol

[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]methanolwas prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde and methyl4-[2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate using MethodB, C, D, E, and N. Two enantiomeric and one pair of enantiomericproducts were obtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed,21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 18min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 105a (19 mg, 2.9% for five steps, white solid, singlestereoisomer), HPLC: 98.2% purity, RT=1.32 min. MS: m/z=349.05 [M+H]⁺.¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 5.59 (t,J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 4H),1.55-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.26-0.79 (m, 4H);

Compound 105b

(6.2 mg, 0.9% for five steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.0% purity, RT=1.32 min. MS: m/z=349.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 5.57 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H),3.32-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.53 (m,2H), 1.39-0.89 (m, 7H);

Compound 105c

(17.5 mg, 2.6% for five steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.7% purity, RT=0.76 min. MS: m/z=349.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),7.28 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 5.59 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.24(m, 2H), 2.50-2.42 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.40 (m, 3H),1.26-0.79 (m, 4H).

Example 106 Synthesis of1-[4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol(106a, b)

1-[4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol

1-[4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-olwas prepared from methyl4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method O. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBDPrep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃); 50% to 51% gradient in 14 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 106a:

(11 mg, 5.1%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers), HPLC: 98.6%purity, RT=2.03 min. MS: m/z=375.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.57 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 2H),1.81-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.33-0.82 (m, 5H), 0.56-0.54 (m,2H), 0.37-0.35 (m, 2H);

Compound 106b:

(22.5 mg, 10.4%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.7%purity, RT=1.44 min. MS: m/z=375.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d,J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.60 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 2H),1.86-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.36-0.85 (m, 5H), 0.52-0.50 (m,2H), 0.31-0.29 (m, 2H).

Example 107 Synthesis of2-[4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]propan-2-ol(107a, b)

2-[4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]propan-2-ol

2-[4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexyl]propan-2-olwas prepared from methyl4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method P. Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10mM NH₄HCO₃); 41% to 43% gradient in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 107a:

(22 mg, 10.8%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers), HPLC: 99.96%purity, RT=1.42 min. MS: m/z=377.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.98 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.65 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.42 (m, 2H),1.88-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.04 (m, 3H), 1.01 (s, 6H),0.83-0.70 (m, 2H);

Compound 107b:

(4.2 mg, 2.1%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.5%purity, RT=1.43 min. MS: m/z=377.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.96 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.61 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.49 (m, 2H),1.86-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.12 (m, 6H), 1.10 (s, 6H), 1.07-0.95 (m, 1H).

Example 108 Synthesis of5-[2-cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole (108a, b)

5-[2-Cyclohexyl-2-fluoroethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

At −78° C., to a solution of1-cyclohexyl-2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethan-1-ol (480 mg, 1.70mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added DAST (410 mg, 2.54 mmol) slowly. Theresulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. Then the reactionmixture was quenched by H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (30 mL×2).The organic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried overNa₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient). Two pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge BEH C18OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10mM NH₄HCO₃); 53% to 56% gradient in 14 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 108a:

(21.4 mg, 4.5%, yellow solid, mixture of two stereoisomers), HPLC:99.97% purity, RT=1.57 min. MS: m/z=285.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.87 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.5 Hz,1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 5.44 (dd,J=8.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.26 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.80 (m,2H), 1.74-1.45 (m, 5H), 1.29-0.97 (m, 5H);

Compound 108b:

(2.8 mg, 0.6%, yellow solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.9%purity, RT=0.96 min. MS: m/z=285.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.92 (br s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40(t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.15 (br s, 1H), 5.46 (t, J=5.7Hz, 1H), 4.66-4.42 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.19 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.43 (m, 6H),1.31-1.03 (m, 5H).

Example 109 Synthesis of1-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol(109a, b, c)

1-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-ol

1-(1-Fluorocyclohexyl)-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olwas prepared from3-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde anddimethyl [2-(1-fluorocyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonate using Method B,C, and D. Two enantiomeric and one pair of enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH inhexane, 30% isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 109a:

(23.4 mg, 7% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:98.9% purity, RT=1.25 min. MS: m/z=302.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=8.37 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J=7.8, 1.5Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=6.0 Hz,1H), 4.00-3.89 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.72(m, 2H), 1.64-1.36 (m, 7H), 1.28-1.18 (m, 1H);

Compound 109b:

(13.3 mg, 4% for three steps, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 99.4% purity, RT=1.22 min. MS: m/z=302.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.45 (dd,J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J=9.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H),3.81-3.77 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.42 (m,7H), 1.30-1.21 (m, 1H);

Compound 109c:

(19.7 mg, 5.9% for three steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.5% purity, RT=1.26 min. MS: m/z=302.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=8.37 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.97 (dd,J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 5.35 (t,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.89 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.06 (m, 1H),1.83-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.36 (m, 7H), 1.28-1.18 (m, 1H).

Example 110 Synthesis of1-[4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidine(110a, b)

1-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidine

1-[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidinewas prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid and piperidine using Method U. Two pairs of enantiomeric productswere obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase,MeCN in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃); 44% to 47% gradient in 14 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 110a:

(17 mg, 5.7%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 95.4%purity, RT=1.41 min. MS: m/z=414.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.96 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.68(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (br s, 4H), 2.69-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.22 (m,1H), 1.89-1.45 (m, 13H), 1.38-1.12 (m, 3H);

Compound 110b:

(25 mg, 8.3%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.6%purity, RT=1.49 min. MS: m/z=414.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.68(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.48 (m, 4H), 2.78-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.41 (m,1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.25 (m, 14H).

Example 111 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide(111a, b)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamidewas prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid and NHMe₂.HCl using Method U. Two pairs of enantiomeric productswere obtained by the separation on prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobilephase, MeCN in water (with 10 mM NH₄HCO₃); 31% isocratic in 10 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 111a:

(11 mg, 2.2%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.0%purity, RT=1.25 min. MS: m/z=374.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.96 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.68(t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 2.68-2.60 (m, 1H),2.53-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.12 (m,6H);

Compound 111b:

(50 mg, 10%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 100%purity, RT=1.33 min. MS: m/z=374.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 5.68(t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.72 (m, 1H),2.52-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.24 (m,4H).

Example 112 Synthesis of2-[4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamide(112a, b, c, d)

5-(2-[8-Fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

5-(2-[8-Fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(1.7 g, 33%) was prepared from2-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde and dimethyl(2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate using MethodB, C, D, and H. MS: m/z=343.05 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-one

At room temperature, HCl solution (6 M, 15 mL, 90 mmol) was slowly addedto a solution of5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(1.70 g, 4.47 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was neutralizedwith sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc (80 mL×3). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 7%gradient) to yield4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-one (1g, 75%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=298.99 [M+H]⁺.

2-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamide

2-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamidewas prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-one andethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate using Method B, J, Q, and X. Fourenantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50% isocratic in 29 min;Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 112a:

(17 mg, 3.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 5.42 (t, J=4.8Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.81-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.17 (m, 6H);

Compound 112b:

(17 mg, 3.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.3% purity, RT=1.17 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.90 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.42 (t, J=4.8Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.81-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.40-1.17 (m, 6H);

Compound 112c:

(4 mg, 0.8% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.18 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.45 (t, J=4.4Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.05 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.87-1.55 (m, 7H), 1.29-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.02-0.91 (m, 2H);

Compound 112d:

(3.8 mg, 0.8% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.95% purity, RT=1.18 min. MS: m/z=342.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.45 (t,J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.05 (d, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 1.87-1.55 (m, 7H), 1.29-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.02-0.91 (m, 2H).

Example 113 Synthesis of2-[4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]acetamide((113a,b, c, d)

6-Chloro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Chloro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(700 mg, 28% for 4 steps) was prepared from2-chloro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl (2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate usingMethod B, C, D, and H. MS: m/z=377.01 [M+H]⁺.

4-(2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-one

At room temperature, HCl solution (6 M, 12 mL,72 mmol) was slowly addedto a solution of6-chloro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(700 mg, 1.86 mmol) in THF (8 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was neutralizedwith sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc (70 mL×3). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 7%gradient) to yield4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-one(500 mg, 81%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=332.97 [M+H]⁺.

2-[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]acetamide

2-[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]acetamidewas prepared from4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexan-1-oneand ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate using Method B, J, Q, and X.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50%isocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 113a:

(19.5 mg, 3.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:97.7% purity, RT=1.28 min. MS: m/z=376.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.60 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.54-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.54(m, 2H), 1.36-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.11-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 113b:

(19 mg, 3.4% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.8% purity, RT=1.29 min. MS: m/z=376.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.60 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),2.54-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.54(m, 2H), 1.36-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.11-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 113c:

(6 mg, 1% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.8%purity, RT=1.29 min. MS: m/z=376.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.44 (m, 2H),2.03 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.52(m, 2H), 1.31-0.89 (m, 4H);

Compound 113d:

(5 mg, 0.9% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.9% purity, RT=1.29 min. MS: m/z=376.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.62 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.44(m, 2H), 2.03 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 4H),1.62-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.31-0.89 (m, 4H).

Example 114 Synthesis of4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide(114a, b, c, d)

4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide

4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamidewas prepared from4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid and NHMe₂.HCl using Method U. Four enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50% isocratic in 30 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 114a:

(13.5 mg, 4.8%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=1.37 min. MS: m/z=390.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.87 (s,3H), 2.62-2.46 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.20(m, 2H), 1.12-0.88 (m, 2H);

Compound 114b:

(15 mg, 5.3%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 98.7% purity,RT=1.36 min. MS: m/z=390.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.87 (s,3H), 2.62-2.46 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.20(m, 2H), 1.12-0.88 (m, 2H);

Compound 114c:

(6 mg, 2.1%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.9% purity,RT=1.44 min. MS: m/z=390.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.84 (s,3H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.00(m, 4H);

Compound 114d:

(7.3 mg, 2.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 88% purity,RT=1.45 min. MS: m/z=390.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.84 (s,3H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.00(m, 4H).

Example 115 Synthesis of1-[4-[2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidine(115a, b, c, d)

1-[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidine

1-[4-[2-[6-Chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]-4-fluorocyclohexyl]carbonyl]piperidinewas prepared from4-(2-[6-chloro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)-4-fluorocyclohexane-1-carboxylicacid and piperidine using Method U. Four enantiomeric products wereobtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the followingconditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50% isocratic in 30 min; Detector, UV254/220 nm.

Compound 115a:

(22 mg, 5.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.8% purity,RT=1.59 min. MS: m/z=430.25 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.46 (m, 4H),2.60-2.46 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 6H), 1.41-1.20 (m,2H), 1.13-0.91 (m, 2H);

Compound 115b:

(21 mg, 5.3%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=1.59 min. MS: m/z=430.25 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93(s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.46 (m, 4H),2.60-2.46 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 6H), 1.41-1.20 (m,2H), 1.13-0.91 (m, 2H);

Compound 115c:

(7 mg, 1.8%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.4% purity,RT=1.67 min. MS: m/z=430.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.43 (m, 4H),2.72-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.42 (m, 12H), 1.39-1.00 (m,4H);

Compound 115d:

(10.5 mg, 2.6%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 80% purity,RT=1.67 min. MS: m/z=430.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94(s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 5.58 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.43 (m, 4H),2.72-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.42 (m, 12H), 1.39-1.00 (m,4H).

Example 116 Synthesis of2-[4-fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamide(116a, b, c, d)

6-Fluoro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole

6-Fluoro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(900 mg, 31% for 4 steps) was prepared from2-fluoro-6-[1-(triphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzaldehyde anddimethyl (2-[1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate usingMethod B, C, D, and H. MS: m/z=361.05 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-one

At room temperature, HCl solution (6 M, 12 mL,72 mmol) was slowly addedto a solution of6-fluoro-5-(2-[8-fluoro-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl]ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindole(900 mg, 2.50 mmol) in THF (8 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 16 h. Then the reaction mixture was neutralizedwith sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc (70 mL×3). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient) to yield4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-one(527 mg, 67%) as yellow oil. MS: m/z=317.0 [M+H]⁺.

2-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamide

2-[4-Fluoro-4-[2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]acetamidewas prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[6-fluoro-5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-oneand ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate using Method B, J, Q, and X.Four enantiomeric products were obtained by the separation on chiralprep-HPLC under the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4,AXIA Packed, 21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50%isocratic in 25 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 116a:

(9.2 mg, 1.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:95.1% purity, RT=1.19 min. MS: m/z=360.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.03(m, 1H), 5.68 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 1H),2.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.52(m, 2H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 116b:

(9.3 mg, 1.5% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.1% purity, RT=1.19 min. MS: m/z=360.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.03(m, 1H), 5.68 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 1H),2.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.52(m, 2H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.90 (m, 2H);

Compound 116c:

(25 mg, 4.2% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC:93.8% purity, RT=1.20 min. MS: m/z=360.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.03(m, 1H), 5.66 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.21 (m, 1H),2.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.08(m, 6H);

Compound 116d:

(27.7 mg, 4.6% for four steps, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.5% purity, RT=1.21 min. MS: m/z=360.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.94 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.03(m, 1H), 5.66 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.21 (m, 1H),2.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.08(m, 6H).

Example 117 Synthesis of1-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol(117a, b, c, d)

1-[4-[1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-ol

1-[4-[1-Hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]cyclopropan-1-olwas prepared from methyl4-(1-hydroxy-2-[4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylateusing Method O. Four pairs of enantiomeric products were obtained by theseparation on prep-HPLC under the following conditions: XBridge C18 OBDPrep Column, 19×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 10 mMNH₄HCO₃); 27% to 37% gradient in 12 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 117a:

(6 mg, 1.5%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.8%purity, RT=1.10 min. MS: m/z=340.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2Hz, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.67 (m, 1H),2.50-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.04-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.29 (m,3H), 1.13-1.05 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.88 (m, 1H), 0.63-0.60 (m, 2H), 0.44-0.41(m, 2H);

Compound 117b:

(8.8 mg, 2.2%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.3%purity, RT=1.12 min. MS: m/z=340.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.42 (dd, J=4.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H),3.86-3.83 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.95 (m,1H), 1.86-1.78 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.30 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.86(m, 1H), 0.63-0.60 (m, 2H), 0.45-0.42 (m, 2H);

Compound 117c:

(23 mg, 5.7%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 99.5%purity, RT=1.18 min. MS: m/z=340.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.43 (dd, J=5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz,1H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 5.43 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),4.35-4.30 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.96 (m,1H), 1.80-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.39 (m, 7H), 1.10-1.06 (m, 1H), 0.64-0.61(m, 2H), 0.48-0.45 (m, 2H);

Compound 117d:

(20 mg, 5%, white solid, mixture of two stereoisomers) HPLC: 98.6%purity, RT=1.16 min. MS: m/z=340.05 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm)δ=8.43 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.6, 5.2 Hz,1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J=10.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H),2.40-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.58 (m,4H), 1.55-1.43 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.21 (m, 1H), 1.03-0.98 (m, 1H), 0.63-0.59(m, 2H), 0.43-0.39 (m, 2H).

Example 118 Synthesis of1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine(118a, b, c)

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine

1-Cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-aminewas prepared from1-cyclohexyl-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method V, W, and J. One pair of enantiomeric and two enantiomericproducts were obtained by the separation on chiral prep-HPLC under thefollowing conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed,21.2×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 30% isocratic in 23min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 118a:

(6 mg, 1.5% for three steps, yellow oil, mixture of two stereoisomers)HPLC: 89.3% purity, RT=1.06 min. MS: m/z=313.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.83(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.05-3.01(m, 1H), 2.22-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 5H),1.38-1.07 (m, 6H);

Compound 118b:

(8.8 mg, 2.2% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:91.7% purity, RT=1.11 min. MS: m/z=313.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.32(dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.05 (m,2H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.39-1.04 (m, 6H);

Compound 118c:

(23 mg, 5.7% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:92.0% purity, RT=1.10 min. MS: m/z=313.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.32(dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.05 (m,2H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.39-1.04 (m, 6H).

Example 119 Synthesis of1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine(119a, b, c, d)

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine

1-(4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine was prepared from1-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method V, W, and J. Four enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 20%isocratic in 15 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 119a:

(7.8 mg, 1.8% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:98.6% purity, RT=0.93 min. MS: m/z=341.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.21 (m,1H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.31-1.15 (m, 5H), 0.88 (s,6H);

Compound 119b:

(13.8 mg, 3.2% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:99.2% purity, RT=0.88 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.07-3.05(m, 1H), 2.21-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.57 (m, 1H),1.52-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.13 (m, 5H), 0.88 (s, 6H);

Compound 119c:

(14.1 mg, 3.2% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:96.5% purity, RT=0.88 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.97 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.82(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dd, J=8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.07-3.05(m, 1H), 2.21-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.57 (m, 1H),1.52-1.39 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.13 (m, 5H), 0.88 (s, 6H);

Compound 119d:

(14.1 mg, 3.2% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:91.6% purity, RT=1.88 min. MS: m/z=341.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.92 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.80(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.21(m, 1H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.31-1.15 (m, 5H), 0.88(s, 6H).

Example 120 Synthesis of1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine(120a, b, c, d)

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-amine

1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-aminewas prepared from1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-2-[10-methoxy-4,6,9-triazatricyclo[6.4.0.0̂[2,6]]dodeca-1(8),2,4,9,11-pentaen-7-yl]ethan-1-olusing Method V, W, and J. Four enantiomeric products were obtained bythe separation on chiral prep-HPLC under the following conditions:CHIRALPAK-AD-H-SL001, 20×250 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 20%isocratic in 21 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 120a:

(15 mg, 3.5% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:93.8% purity, RT=0.78 min. MS: m/z=349.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.93 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.79(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=8.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.29(m, 1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.64 (m, 4H),1.41-1.34 (m, 3H);

Compound 120b:

(14 mg, 3.3% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.3% purity, RT=0.73 min. MS: m/z=349.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.80(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.06(m, 1H), 2.22-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.89 (m, 1H),1.84-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.33 (m, 3H);

Compound 120c:

(15 mg, 3.5% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:97.2% purity, RT=0.78 min. MS: m/z=349.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.93 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.79 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=8.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.29 (m,1H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.34(m, 3H);

Compound 120d:

(16 mg, 3.7% for three steps, yellow oil, single stereoisomer) HPLC:95.4% purity, RT=0.72 min. MS: m/z=349.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD,ppm) δ=7.99 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.06 (m,1H), 2.22-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.61(m, 4H), 1.45-1.33 (m, 3H).

Example 121 Synthesis of4-fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-sulfonamide(121a, b, c, d)

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylmethanesulfonate

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylmethanesulfonate (1.6 g, 85%) was prepared from4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexan-1-olusing Method V. MS: m/z=379.0 [M+H]⁺.

1-[[4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]sulfanyl]ethan-1-one

At room temperature, to a solution of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexylmethanesulfonate (1.6 g, 4.23 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added1-(potassiosulfanyl)ethan-1-one (1.45 g, 12.72 mmol). The resultingmixture was stirred at 75° C. for 4 h. Then the reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×2). Theorganic phases were combined, washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue waspurified by flash chromatography eluting with MeOH in DCM (1% to 5%gradient) to yield1-[[4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]sulfanyl]ethan-1-one(1.45 g, 81%) as light brown oil. MS: m/z=359.05 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonicacid

At 0° C., to a solution of1-[[4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexyl]sulfanyl]ethan-1-one(1.45 g, 4.05 mmol) in HCOOH (20 mL) was added H₂O₂(30%, 4 mL) dropwise.The resulting mixture was stirred at room tepmerature for 2 h. Then thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by reverse phase chromatography eluting with MeCN in water(5% to 30% gradient) to yield4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonicacid (300 mg, 20%) as light yellow solid. MS: m/z=365.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonylchloride

At 0° C., to a solution of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonicacid (300 mg, 0.82 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added (COC1)₂ (0.35 mL, 4.11mmol) slowly, followed by the addition of one drop of anhydrous DMF. Theresulting mixture was then stirred at room tepmerature for 1 h. Afterthe reaction was done, the reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure to yield4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonylchloride (310 mg, 98%) as light yellow solid which was used in the nextstep without further purification. MS: m/z=383.0 [M+H]⁺.

4-Fluoro-4-[2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl]cyclohexane-1-sulfonamide

At −78° C., a solution of4-fluoro-4-(2-[5H-imidazo[4,3-a]isoindol-5-yl]ethyl)cyclohexane-1-sulfonylchloride (310 mg, 0.81 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was stirring while NH₃ gaswas bubbled through it for 5 min. The resulting mixture was keptstirring whie slowly warmed up to −40° C. over 20 min period. Then thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residuewas purified by prep-HPLC to give two pairs of enantiomeric productsunder the following conditions: XBridge BEH130 Prep C18 OBD Column,19×150 mm, 5 μm; mobile phase, MeCN in water (with 0.05% TFA); 6% to 20%gradient in 20 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. Then four enantiomericproducts were obtained by the further separation on chiral prep-HPLCunder the following conditions: Phenomenex Lux 5μ Cellulose-4, AXIAPacked, 21.2×250 mm, 5 m; mobile phase, EtOH in hexane, 50% isocratic in60 min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm.

Compound 121a:

(25 mg, 8.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.95% purity,RT=0.86 min. MS: m/z=364.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.41 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.89-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.87 (m,4H), 1.83-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.15 (m, 4H);

Compound 121b:

(21 mg, 7.1%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 97.9% purity,RT=0.88 min. MS: m/z=364.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.95(s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.43 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.98-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.21-1.86 (m, 5H), 1.70-1.55 (m,4H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 2H);

Compound 121c:

(26 mg, 8.8%, white solid, single stereoisomer), HPLC: 99.7% purity,RT=0.85 min. MS: m/z=364.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.89(s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 5.41 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.89-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.87 (m,4H), 1.83-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.15 (m, 4H);

Compound 121d:

(22 mg, 7.4%, white solid, single stereoisomer) HPLC: 99.0% purity,RT=1.66 min. MS: m/z=364.15 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD, ppm) δ=7.95(s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.43 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H),2.98-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.21-1.86 (m, 5H), 1.70-1.55 (m,4H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 2H).

Example 122 Biological Assays

Measurement of human IDO-1 inhibition was performed in 384-well formatusing the BRIDGE-IT® tryptophan Fluorescence Assay (Mediomics, LLC, St.Louis, Mo., U.S.A.). The assay was adapted from published protocol;Meininger et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011. Recombinant humanIDO in assay buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.5, 20 mMAscorbic acid (Sigma), 10 mM Methylen Blue (Sigma) and 0.1 ug/mlcatalase (Sigma)) was added to a range of compounds concentrationpreviously serial diluted in DMSO (range of concentrations from 10 μM to38 pM) or controls (1% DMSO). The concentration of enzyme in all thereaction wells was 7.5 nM. After 30 minutes of pre-incubation at 25° C.,the reaction was initiated by the addition of L-Tryptophan (Sigma) at afinal concentration of 50 μM in assay buffer. After 60 minutes ofincubation at 25° C., the reaction is stopped by transferring 1 μl ofthe reaction mixture to 9 μl of Bridge-IT assay solution A. After 30 minof incubation at 30° C., the fluorescence intensity was measured atλ_(ex)=485 nm and λ_(em)=665 nm using Perkin Elmer ENVISION® MultilabelReader.

The data is interpreted according to the following:

C >1 μM;

B 100 nM-1 M;

A <100 nM.

Compound number Bridge-it  1a C  1b B  8a B  8b C  9a C  9b C  11a C 12a C  12b C  11b C  14a C  14b A  5a B  5b C  6a C  6b C  6c C  6d C 15a C  15b C  17 B  18a B  18b C  3a C  3b C  2a C  2b C  10a C  10b C 4a C  22a B  4b C  22b C  22c C  22d C  7a C  20a C  19a C  7b C  19b A 20b B  13a C  16b B  21a C  13b A  21b C  21c C  21d C  16a A  23a C 24a C  24b C  24c A  24d A  25a C  25b C  25c C  25d C  26a C  26b B 27a C  27b B  28a C  28b C  28c C  28d C  29a B  29b C  29c B  29d C 30a B  30b C  31a B  31b B  32a C  32b B  33a B  33b B  34a A  34b C 35a C  35b B  35c A  35d C  36a C  36b C  37a C  37b B  38a C  38b B 38c C  38d A  39a A  39b B  40a C  40b B  41a C  41b C  42a C  42b B 43a C  43b A  44a B  44b B  45a C  45b C  46 C  47 C  48a C  48b C  49B  50 B  51 C  52a B  52b B  52c C  53a B  53b A  53c C  54a A  54b C 55a B  55b C  55c C  55d B  56a A  56b A  56c C  57a C  57b B  57c B 58a C  58c C  58d C  59a C  59b A  59c A  59d C  60a A  60b C  60c C 60d A  61a C  61b C  61c A  61d A  62a B  62c C  62c C  62d C  63a C 63b C  63c C  63d C  64 B  65 B  66a C  66b C  67a C  67b C  67c C  67dC  67a B  67b C  67c C  68a B  68b C  68c C  69a B  69b C  69c C  69d C 70a C  70b B  71a B  71b B  71c C  71d A  72a C  72b B  73a C  73b C 73c C  73d C  74a A  74b B  75a A  75b B  76a C  76b C  77a C  77b C 77b C  77c C  78a B  78b C  79a C  79b C  79c A  79d A  80a A  80b B 81a B  81b C  81c A  81d A  82a A  82b B  83a C  83b B  83c C  83d A 84a C  84b C  84c A  84d A  85a A  85b B  86a B  86b A  87a C  87b C 87c C  87d B  88a C  88b C  88c C  88d C  89a C  89b C  90a C  90b C 91a C  91b C  92a C  92b C  92c C  92d C  93a C  93b C  94a C  94b A 95a C  95b B  96a C  96b B  97a C  97b B  97c B  97d C  98a B  98b A 99a C  99b B  99c A  99d C 100a B 100b C 101a C 101b C 101c C 101d C102a C 102b C 103a C 103b C 104a C 104b B 105a C 105b C 105c A 106a A106b B 107a C 107b B 108a B 108b B 109a C 109b B 109c B 110a A 110b B111a A 111b B 112a C 112b A 112c C 112d A 113a A 113b C 113c C 113d A114a A 114b A 114c C 114d C 115a A 115b A 115c B 115d C 116a C 116b A116c C 116d A 117a C 117b B 117c C 117d C 118a C 118b B 118c C 119a C119b C 119c B 119d C 120a C 120b C 120c B 120d C 121a A 121b C 121c C121d A

Example 122 Pharmaceutical Preparations

(A) Injection vials: A solution of 100 g of an active ingredientaccording to the invention and 5 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate in 3 lof bidistilled water is adjusted to pH 6.5 using 2 N hydrochloric acid,sterile filtered, transferred into injection vials, is lyophilized understerile conditions and is sealed under sterile conditions. Eachinjection vial contains 5 mg of active ingredient.

(B) Suppositories: A mixture of 20 g of an active ingredient accordingto the invention is melted with 100 g of soy lecithin and 1400 g ofcocoa butter, is poured into moulds and is allowed to cool. Eachsuppository contains 20 mg of active ingredient.

(C) Solution: A solution is prepared from 1 g of an active ingredientaccording to the invention, 9.38 g of NaH₂PO₄.2H₂O, 28.48 g ofNa₂HPO₄.12H₂O and 0.1 g of benzalkonium chloride in 940 ml ofbidistilled water. The pH is adjusted to 6.8, and the solution is madeup to 1 l and sterilized by irradiation. This solution could be used inthe form of eye drops.

(D) Ointment: 500 mg of an active ingredient according to the inventionis mixed with 99.5 g of Vaseline under aseptic conditions.

(E) Tablets: A mixture of 1 kg of an active ingredient according to theinvention, 4 kg of lactose, 1.2 kg of potato starch, 0.2 kg of talc and0.1 kg of magnesium stearate is pressed to give tablets in aconventional manner in such a way that each tablet contains 10 mg ofactive ingredient.

(F) Coated tablets: Tablets are pressed analogously to Example E andsubsequently are coated in a conventional manner with a coating ofsucrose, potato starch, talc, tragacanth and dye.

(G) Capsules: 2 kg of an active ingredient according to the inventionare introduced into hard gelatin capsules in a conventional manner insuch a way that each capsule contains 20 mg of the active ingredient.

(H) Ampoules: A solution of 1 kg of an active ingredient according tothe invention in 60 l of bidistilled water is sterile filtered,transferred into ampoules, is lyophilized under sterile conditions andis sealed under sterile conditions. Each ampoule contains 10 mg ofactive ingredient.

(I) Inhalation spray: 14 g of an active ingredient according to theinvention are dissolved in 10 l of isotonic NaCl solution, and thesolution is transferred into commercially available spray containerswith a pump mechanism. The solution could be sprayed into the mouth ornose. One spray shot (about 0.1 ml) corresponds to a dose of about 0.14mg.

While a number of embodiments of this invention are described herein, itis apparent that the basic examples may be altered to provide otherembodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention.Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is tobe defined by the appended claims rather than by the specificembodiments that have been represented by way of example.

We claim:
 1. A compound of formula I,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Y is CR or N; Y¹is C, CR, or N; wherein one of Y or Y¹ is N; R^(1a) is —R, halogen,-haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR, —C(O)R,—CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂; R^(1b) is—R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R,—SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or—N(R)₂; or R^(1a) and R^(1b), together with the atom to which each isattached, may form a fused or spiro ring selected from C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7membered heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of which is optionally substituted;Ring A is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturatedcarbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each R² is independently —R,halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R, —SOR,—C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂;Ring B is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturatedcarbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-3 heteroatomsindependently selected from X¹, X², or X³, selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from X¹, X², or X³, each of whichis selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each R³ is independently—R, halogen, -haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, —OR, —SR, —CN, —NO₂, —SO₂R,—SOR, —C(O)R, —CO₂R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —NRC(O)R, —NRC(O)N(R)₂, —NRSO₂R, or—N(R)₂; Ring C is C₅₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated or partiallyunsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ring having 1-4heteroatoms independently selected from Z, Z¹, Z², Z³, or Z⁴, selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from Z,Z¹, Z², Z³, or Z⁴, each of which is selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulfur; each R is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀ aryl, a3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7membered heterocylic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of which is optionally substituted; ortwo R groups on the same atom are taken together with the atom to whichthey are attached to form a C₃₋₁₀ aryl, a 3-8 membered saturated orpartially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered heterocylic ringhaving 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulfur, or a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;each of which is optionally substituted; m is 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or3; p is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and r is 0 or 1; wherein when Ring A isnon-fluoro substituted cyclohexyl, Ring B is benzo, and Ring C is

and R^(1a) is H, then R^(1b) cannot be OH.
 2. The compound of claim 1,wherein R^(1a) is —H; or R^(1a) is halogen, —OR, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂. 3.The compound of claim 2, wherein R^(1a) is —H; or R^(1a) is


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(1b) is —H; or R^(1b) is halogen,—OR, —NRSO₂R, or —N(R)₂.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R^(1b) is—H; or R^(1b) is.


6. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R² is independently —H.
 7. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein each R² is independently halogen or —OR. 8.The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A is C₅₋₁₀ aryl or 3-8 memberedsaturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring.
 9. The compound ofclaim 8, wherein Ring A is


10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is phenyl, cycloheptyl,cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobuty, cyclopropyl, or a cyclohexadiene.11. The compound of claim 10, wherein Ring B is


12. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring C is


13. The compound of claim 1, of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. The compound of claim1, of formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. The compound of claim1, of formula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. The compound of claim1, selected from Table
 1. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant,carrier, or vehicle.
 18. A method for treating a IDO-mediated disease ordisorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising the step ofadministering to said subject a compound of claim
 1. 19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from cancer,proliferative disorder, viral disease, sepsis, pneumonia, bacteremia,trauma, tuberculosis, parasitic disease, neuroinflammation,schizophrenia, depression, neurodegenerative disease, and pain.
 20. Amethod for treating cancer in a subject, comprising the step ofadministering to said subject a compound of claim 1 or a physiologicallyacceptable salt thereof.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprisingone or more additional therapeutic agent(s) selected from a PD-1 agent,PD-L1 agent, CTLA4 agent, GITR agent, a vaccine, and a SOC agent.